High-entropy alloys (HES) are solid solutions containing five or more basic elements in an alloy in equal or almost equal proportions (at. %). The concept of such alloys opens up new ways to create unusual metallic materials with unique physical and mechanical properties that cannot be obtained in known conditions alloys, which usually contain one main element. Metal glasses (MS) based on high-entropy alloys (MS WES) can be distinguished into a separate group. Metal glasses are a material obtained by sharp hardening of WPP from a liquid state and therefore such glasses have an amorphous glass–like structure. The main constituent elements of MS WPP can be zirconium, copper, iron, nickel, chromium, yttrium, cerium. These materials are very promising for industrial applications due to their superior mechanical properties, such as high strength (close to theoretical strength), wear resistance, hardness, and exceptional magnetic properties. The formation, crystallization and kinetics of these materials are the subject of close study. WPP metal glasses are more stable than conventional MS due to the high configuration entropy. This paper provides a brief overview of the work of domestic and foreign researchers on various aspects of metal glasses. It is shown that the study of the properties of MS WPP can provide a breakthrough and new approaches both in the formation and study of new WPP systems, as well as in the possibility of potential application of these new materials.

The paper studies the characteristics of structure formation in composite materials with a metal matrix based on Grade2 titanium alloy during friction stir processing with the adding of powder particles of copper, nickel and aluminum. The obtained results indicate a complex and heterogeneous character of plastic flow of metal along the contour of the tool during processing with the adding of powders of different metals and their mixture. During processing, a rather inhomogeneous structure with uneven distribution of powders in the volume of the stir zone is formed. Powder particles react with titanium matrix to form a number of intermetallic phases of different composition. At the same time, homogeneous dispersion of mixtures of powder materials with formation of complex intermetallics was not achieved. In the stirring zone, in the areas enriched with the mixture of added powders, the formation of a heterogeneous mixture of initial powders and intermetallics based on them is observed, without any reaction between them and the titanium matrix. The most enriched hardening particles based on the added powders are located in the sub-shoulder region of the stir zone, its lower part and the advancing side. The retreating side of the stir zone is depleted in the hardening phases. With the processing parameters used, 4 tool passes were not sufficient to ensure a homogeneous distribution of intermetallic phases in the stir zone. Mechanical properties of the samples are at a low level due to the formed inhomogeneities. Plasticity of the obtained composites does not exceed 1.0‒1.5 %. The highest values of the ultimate strength (680 MPa) and yield strength (620 MPa) are characteristic of the most homogeneous in structure samples modified by processing with powder particles of copper, nickel and aluminum in the ratio 1:1:1. 

In the work the characteristics of interaction of titanium alloy Ti‒6Al‒4V, substrate from stainless steel SS321 and tool from nickel-based superalloy ZhS6U at friction stir processing are studied. It is shown that the mechanism of tool-material interaction during friction stir processing can undergo significant changes due to the penetration of a second material into the contact zone. The basic sequence of tool wear process in the form of gradual formation of tribological layer from mechanical mixture of intermetallic phases and carbides is preserved, but the wear intensity increases. It was found that even a small excessive penetration of the tool pin into the substrate leads to stirring of its fragments into the workpiece material, which changes the process of flow and metal transfer along the tool contour.  Studies using the technique of quick stopping the processing with cutting out the area with the tool penetrated into the workpiece allowed us to determine how tool and substrate fragments are penetrated into the workpiece material. It was found that the substrate material is penetrated into the stir zone by the formation of narrow streams along the contour of the tool with a pronounced vertical orientation. The penetration of tool fragments into the material of the stir zone occurs continuously during the processing, showing the realization of both laminar and vortex metal flows. The interaction between the metal flows of the titanium alloy and the flows from the substrate has a complex and heterogeneous character and is related to the pressure exerted by the tool on the workpiece due to the clamping force and the force resisting the longitudinal movement of the tool.

Using the methods of modern physical materials science, a comparative analysis of the structure, phase composition and mechanical properties (micro-confirmation) of high-speed steel P18 after magnetic pulse and electron beam treatments was carried out. Magnetic pulse treatment was carried out for annealed steel samples at the MIU 10/30 installation at the value of the magnetic field energy of the inductor 40 kJ and the number of pulses 6, pulse duration 200 microseconds, repetition frequency 20 kHz. Electron beam processing was carried out on samples obtained by plasma arc surfacing and subjected to fourfold high temperature tempering. Electron beam processing mode: electron beam energy density 30 J/cm2, electron beam pulse duration 50 microseconds, number of irradiation pulses 5 pulses, pulse repetition rate 0.3 s^-1. Under the action of a pulsed magnetic field in a surface layer of steel with a thickness of ~ 100 microns, the grinding of carbides from 13.2 microns to 2.9 microns and the formation of small-needle martensite with sizes from 200 to 1 nm, the volume fraction of which is 0.54, was observed. This causes high microhardness values up to 5.7 GPa. Electron beam processing of the released samples also leads to fragmentation of the carbides in the surface layer of 50 microns to the size of 10 – 45 nm and the formation of a cellular submicrostructure with dimensions of 100 – 250 nm. It has been established that the main mechanisms of hardening are the hardening of the martensitic structure in the case of magnetic pulse treatment and the cellular substructure during electron beam treatment. The obtained results can be used to develop combined types of processing that combine a pulsed magnetic field and an electron beam.

The conditions necessary for the functioning of artificial intelligence are given. The basic rules for successfully conducting educational activities are defined. Groups of mathematical methods for data mining are presented. The effectiveness of using modern methods of Data Mining, Big Data and Learning Analytics in the field of education is shown. The main types of research questions for analyzing and improving educational technologies using Learning Analytics are highlighted. The principle of cumulative measurement is proposed for assessing the compliance condition, which determines the throughput of neural network algorithms and affects the success of training. The direction of using artificial intelligence in the formation of an adaptive learning environment designed for a specific individual, taking into account his cognitive characteristics, is highlighted. The possibility of using a neural network to analyze the emotional state of students and adjust the learning environment in accordance with this state is shown. By analogy with the simplified block diagram of neural network training, an adaptive learning model based on artificial intelligence technologies has been developed. With adaptive learning, taking into account the individual cognitive abilities of the student, the system processes the process of acquiring knowledge in the form of an analysis of his achievements, mistakes, physical, emotional state and other parameters. As a result of the collected and summarized information, a program adapted to the student is finalized, while constant self-learning and improvement of the system itself occurs. The relevance and prospects for the further implementation of neural networks in the educational process in general and in teacher education in particular are substantiated, allowing for an individual learning trajectory in each subject for each student, taking into account his capabilities and abilities.

One of the main tasks of modern physical materials science to develop and study high-entropy alloys of the latest generation is formulated. A brief review of recent publications on promising areas of creation and application of high-entropy alloys is given. A set of high performance characteristics is identified for high-entropy alloys for use in modern science-intensive industries: wear resistance, strength and impact strength, chemical, radiation and corrosion resistance, low density, super plasticity and superconductivity, high and low thermal conductivity, diffusion resistance, low temperature coefficient of resistance, environmental friendliness, etc. The areas of promising applications of high-entropy alloys in nuclear reactors, aerospace engines, gas and oil pipelines, offshore structures, computers and electronic devices are indicated. It is noted that many high-entropy alloys can be used in dual-use products. As an example, a proposal for the creation of thin-film high-resistive materials with a low temperature coefficient of resistance by the spinning method is considered. A tape made of the high-entropy Cantor’s alloy of a non-equiatomic composition has been obtained and its properties have been studied. An assumption about the further development of high-entropy alloys has been made and substantiated.

The prospects for using Cantor's high-entropy alloy CoCrFeNiMn in various high-tech industries are associated with a good combination of strength and plastic properties. Since 2004, when the Cantor alloy was first created and studied, a large amount of research has been carried out in leading scientific centers around the world on the effects of heat treatment and other methods of improving its mechanical properties. Over the past five years, the scientific school of SibSIU has been solving the problem of forming a high level of functional properties of high-entropy alloys by creating a nanocrystalline state of the surface and strengthening it by electron beam processing. The article notes the relevance of the traditional way of changing the properties of alloys by alloying. A brief review of the work of recent years by foreign researchers on modifying (improving) the mechanical properties of the Cantor alloy by alloying a number of elements has been carried out. Particular attention is paid to the alloying of Al, Nb, and Zr, which are widely used in the alloying of traditional alloys. When analyzing aluminum alloying work, it was noted that the replacement of manganese with aluminum provides microstructural stability and high functional properties over a wide temperature range. Attention is drawn to a promising strategy for producing Cantor's alloy with Al from metallurgical and mechanical engineering waste. This expands the range of practical applications of Cantor alloy. The advantages of Zr alloying are noted: fast induction melting, good chemical homogeneity, and a low melting point due to the formation of Zr eutectic with all components of the Cantor alloy. An increase in the mole fraction of Nb significantly increases the strength properties of the alloy and its hardness. This is largely due to the formation of the Laves phase. A good combination of strength and ductility during microalloying of Nb-carbon-containing Cantor alloy is associated with the formation of a fine-grained structure. Various strengthening mechanisms are reviewed and discussed.

The paper considers the effectiveness of the technology of direct alloying with tungsten in submerged welding of powdered wires containing WO₃ tungsten oxide and reducing agents as a filler. It is shown that during electric arc discharge, tungsten and (or) chemical compounds of tungsten (carbides, silicides, borides and other compounds) can be formed during the surfacing process. In this regard, it is possible to use such powder wires: they have been tested in laboratory and semi-industrial conditions. This work is devoted to the thermodynamic assessment of the possibility of reducing tungsten oxide WO₃ with titanium. Thermodynamic calculations of reactions of recovery of tungsten oxide WO₃ using titanium to a temperature of 3000 K under standard conditions were carried out to obtain tungsten and titanium oxides TiO, Ti₂O₃, Ti₃O₅, Ti₄O₇, TiO₂.. The thermodynamic characteristics of reactions necessary for the assessment of reducing properties under standard conditions [∆_rН°(Т), ∆_rS°(Т), ∆_rG°(Т)] for substances in crystalline and liquid states are calculated in the temperature interval of the welding arc 1500 – 6000 K according to thermodynamic properties свойствам [[Н°(Т) – Н°(298.15 K)], S°(Т), ∆_fH°(298.15 K)] reagents WO₃, W, Ti, TiO, Ti₂O₃, Ti₃O₅, Ti₄O₇, TiO₂. As a result of the thermodynamic analysis of the thermodynamic characteristics of the reactions, it was determined that as a result of the reduction of WO₃ by titanium to a temperature of 2100 K, the production of TiO₂ is thermodynamically most likely, at temperatures above 2100 K, the formation of Ti₄O₇ is most likely. Thermodynamically, the production of TiO, Ti₂O₃, and Ti₃O₅ oxides is the least likely.

The analysis of differences in the structural-phase state and internal stress fields in the deformation localization zones and at a distance of 1 mm from it for samples made of heat-resistant steel grade 12X1MF is performed. The microstructure of the samples was studied by transmission electron microscopy on thin foils. It is shown that the metal structure of all the studied sections of the samples after deformation before the formation of zones of stable localization of deformations consists of ferrite and perlite. Ferrite, which occupies the main part of the volume of the material, is present both non-fragmented and fragmented. Differences in the structural and phase state in the metal of 12X1MF steel samples in the zones of stable localization of deformation and at a distance from it were revealed. The established differences are both in the different percentage of morphological components of the microstructure (ferrite and perlite), including the content of fragmented and non-fragmented dislocation substructure, and in quantitative indicators (scalar and excessive dislocation density, curvature-torsion of the crystal lattice, amplitudes of the fields of internal shear and long-range stresses). It was found that after a short-term test until stable localization of deformation is achieved, not the entire metal volume of the sample has the same microstructure. The established differences in the structural-phase state and internal stress fields in the deformation localization zones and at a distance of 1 mm from it for samples made of heat-resistant steel grade 12X1MF indicate that it is in the deformation localization zones that the occurrence of microcracks is most likely.

The development of innovative technology, primarily aerospace technology, forces us to move from monometals to layered and multilayer materials, because the combination of various metals or alloys can provide improved performance properties and the creation of new devices and products. Aluminum-lithium alloys have excellent mechanical, performance and anti-corrosion properties, which allow them to compete with traditional alloys, including polymer composite materials. And that is why they are attractive materials for producing layered metal composites. In this work, using cold longitudinal rolling, samples of a five-layer metal composite from aluminum-lithium alloy 1420, D16 duralumin and commercially pure A0 aluminum were obtained. Photo images of the macrostructure of the obtained multilayer samples and the results of measuring the thickness of the layers are presented. Based on the obtained measurement results, graphs were constructed for changes in the deformation of the layers. A study of the macrostructure of samples obtained by alternating layers of aluminum alloys 1420, D16 with layers of technical aluminum A0, as well as from technical aluminum A0 without the use of other alloys, showed that the position of the layer and the properties of the material affect the degree of deformation of individual layers. In the case of samples with alloys 1420, D16 and A0, the aluminum layers adjacent to the tool experience the least deformation compared to the central layers during the first 3 cold rolling transitions. As the number of transitions increases (to 5 ‒ 6), the degree of deformation of the layers levels out. The thickness of the inner layer remains virtually unchanged until the last rolling in all resulting combinations of materials.

The functional purpose of pore-forming additives with different specific surface areas and porosities has been evaluated. Their role in the formation of the structure of iron-containing briquettes is shown. The technological scheme for the production of metallurgical briquettes containing technological additives is substantiated. The scheme includes the mechanical preparation of pore-forming additives, dosing and primary selective mixing of components to obtain structural aggregates, the secondary stage of mixing the rest of the briquetted mass with structural aggregates, and their storage. The methods of conducting the experiment and processing the experimental data are presented. The results of the study of the dynamics of the mass gain of the components of the briquetted charge in the composition of structural aggregates are presented. The dependence of the weight gain of the charge components on the temperature of the liquid reducing agent and the technological scheme of mixing the components are analyzed. The design of structural units has been evaluated, and their role in predicting the metallurgical properties of iron-containing raw materials has been shown. An analysis of the design of structural charge aggregates based on pore-forming additives with different specific surface areas and porosities is presented. The assessment of the macro- and microstructure of the material under consideration is carried out, and their role in predicting the metallurgical properties of iron-containing raw materials is shown. The specific structure of pore-forming additives can enhance the functionality of highly porous materials and create structural aggregates with special properties. During the final briquetting process, these aggregates, which have primary structural strength, must preserve it and form a predictable briquette structure. Additional indicators characterizing the mass ratios between the components of structural aggregates are analyzed. The results of a study of the dynamics of mass gain of structural aggregates formed on base-charge materials of various fractional compositions are presented.

This paper presents the results of a comprehensive experimental study of the influence of a weak constant magnetic field on the aging process of aluminum alloy V95pch. Information is provided on the chemical composition of the aluminum alloy V95pch, modes of thermal and thermomagnetic processing and the main experimentally observed patterns of changes in the values of microhardness, elastic modulus of individual local regions, lattice parameter and fine structure parameters of the aluminum alloy V95pch, aged at a temperature of 140 °C, annealing time from 2 up to 8 hours, in a constant magnetic field of 557.0 kA/m and in its absence. It was found that a constant magnetic field significantly affects the strength properties and structure of the aluminum alloy V95pch, but does not change the stages of the aging process. The so-called “negative” magnetoplastic effect has been established, the value of which is 21%. There is a correlation between the results of measuring microhardness and the elastic modulus of the aluminum alloy V95pch. In addition, it is clear that when a constant magnetic field is applied, the average size of coherent scattering blocks becomes smaller, and the dislocation density and the value of relative microstrain are greater than in its absence, which indicates a distortion of the crystal lattice of the V95pch aluminum alloy. X-ray studies have shown that the time dependences of lattice parameters and fine structure parameters correlate with the time dependences of microhardness, which is consistent with the basic classical laws of the aging process. The results of this work can contribute to the creation of new and development of existing technologies for heat treatment of aluminum alloy V95pch and prediction of its physical and mechanical properties.

Using simulation of the melt purging process in a steel ladle, carried out in relation to the conditions of the electric steel melting shop of JSC EVRAZ ZSMK, the regularities of the influence of the intensity of purging on the parameters characterizing the intensity of metal mixing: mixing power and effective diffusion coefficient were determined. It is shown that an increase in the intensity of purging with an inert gas within a wide range of variation of this indicator increases the mixing power, regardless of the mode of outflow of gas jets and the direction of transfer. At the same time, the effect of the specific flow rate of the inert gas injected into the melt on the mixing intensity is more pronounced for the jet purge mode compared with the bubble mode, which makes it possible to determine the characteristics of the melt homogenization process when calculating the effective diffusion coefficient. Based on statistical studies, it was determined that in the conditions of the workshop under consideration, an increase in the duration of periods of purging of rail steel with an intensity of more than 1.1 m³/min. It has a significant effect on reducing rail rejection due to the presence of non-metallic inclusions. The obtained results of theoretical and analytical studies were the basis for the development of an improved mode of purging rail steel with inert gas during processing on the bucket furnace unit. A distinctive feature of the improved mode is the presence in the second half of the purge period with an increased to 1.2 – 1.6 m³/min intensity of inert gas supply with a duration of at least 10 minutes. Pilot testing of the developed inert gas purge mode has confirmed its effectiveness in terms of refining rail steel from non-metallic inclusions. In a series of 110 experimental smelters, a decrease in rail rejection due to the presence of non-metallic inclusions was recorded by 0.6 %.

The paper studies the regularities of structure formation in samples of titanium alloy Ti‒6Al‒4V obtained by additive wire-feed electron beam manufacturing and undergone to friction stir processing. The studies conducted show that during the processing there is an intensive interaction between the tool and the material, which leads to significant changes in the structure of the stir zone. The interaction between the nickel-base superalloy tool and the material is of an adhesive, mechanical, thermal and diffusion nature. Its characteristics determine the formation of the structure and material properties of the stir zone and, consequently, of the obtained parts. For this reason, in this study, the main defects and inhomogeneities formed in the stirred zone of the samples have been considered in comparison with the processes occurring in the area of contact between the tool and the material. The main changes in the structure of the titanium alloy Ti‒6Al‒4V after friction stir processing, caused by its interaction with the nickel tool, are formed in the areas of the stir zone with a composite structure with a high local volume fraction of intermetallic phases. During processing, the tool can be excessively penetrated in the material in such a way that it touches the substrate in the lower part of the plate. Even a slight penetration of the tool into the substrate leads to the penetration of steel particles into the stir zone due to the vertical flow of material in the stir zone. The described changes with the formation of a number of inhomogeneities and defects in the structure after processing lead to a decrease in the plasticity and strength of the samples in comparison with the material with a defect-free structure.

Socio-demographic development of the state as a whole and individual regions in particular is a priority area for ensuring the socio-economic security of the country. Authors determined that socio-demographic development is expressed in the development of such indicators as fertility, work capacity, migration, standard of living, and quality of life. The main demographic threats are highlighted, which primarily include depopulation, degradation of the family institution, irregular migration, and population aging. The statistical data of the Kaliningrad region is analyzed. The socio-demographic situation in the region, presented in the form of population size, natural profit loss of population, and migration processes, shows the total increase in the permanent population for the period 2016–2022, as well as the total migration results for the period January–NNovember 2023. The analysis of the total volume of housing commissioning in the Kaliningrad region for 2020–2022 is presented with the main indicators of the standard of living  and the main problems and prospects for the socio-demographic development of the region. The experience of implementing socio-demographic policy, presented in the form of the implementation of social programs, has been studied. The main priority directions of the development of the socio-demographic policy of the region are reflected: the development of the scientific and innovative sphere, ensuring sustainable economic growth, improving the quality and standard of living, the development of human capital, and the social sphere. Authors note the importance of using a comprehensive approach,  which help to achieve stable socio-demographic development in the region , expressed in a high standard of living, positive demographic indicators, and economic stability.

The article presents an original system of comprehensive analysis of the banking ecosystem – the organization – market – platform (ORP) methodology, which assumes a consistent assessment of the ecosystem's activities in three planes. The first stage of the ORP analysis is to analyze the ecosystem as an organization (firm), which is additionally subject to the requirements imposed on financial organizations. This feature is due to the fact that the bank is located in the center of the banking eco-system. It is important that the analysis be based on current regulations and requirements of the Bank of Russia and the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. Within the framework of the "market" stage, the ecosystem is analyzed as a financial market entity, therefore, the results obtained at the first stage of the ORP analysis are adjusted taking into account market specifics and market trend (or market influence coefficient). Adjusting the values of financial indicators can significantly increase the significance of the results obtained. The third stage of the ORP analysis explores the ecosystem as a digital platform, analyzing the metrics of its activity through economic unit modeling. This not only contributes to a better understanding of the behavior of ecosystem users, but is also a key element in calculating the financial effectiveness of attracting new customers. The article also presents two particular configurations of ORP analysis, as well as describes the conditions for their implementation. The analysis performed in accordance with the proposed methodology allows us to draw reasonable conclusions about the financial condition of the ecosystem. The results of the study can be used both in the study of the theoretical foundations of the ecosystem approach to business organization, and in order to form a methodological base in the field of analysis of banking ecosystems.

The article reflects the results of a study of the of the analysis of the current situation in the taxation system of the Republic of Uzbekistan in order to further study the processes of reforming the tax system and compare them with the benchmarks established in the Action Strategy for the Further Development of the country, adopted by decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan on February 7, 2017. It is shown that further improvement of the taxation system should be based on the achieved results, the sequence of ongoing reforms and the implementation of new directions in accordance with the modern challenges facing the country's economy. In addition, these areas should take into account universal priorities developed in the world practice of taxation. It is noted that in recent years, the government of Uzbekistan has been actively working to simplify the tax system and improve the tax climate for businesses. The steps to reduce tax rates, improve administrative procedures and increase transparency of tax rules are presented. The study revealed that an important result of the current changes in the tax system was a gradual reduction in the tax burden on the economy, which, in turn, contributed to maintaining stable economic growth rates. It is shown that the reforms carried out have also affected inspections by the tax authorities of business entities, as a result of which newly created small enterprises, family entrepreneurs and farms are currently exempt from scheduled inspections during the first three years of their activity. It is concluded that ongoing changes in the tax sphere in Uzbekistan have contributed to improving the business climate in the country by strengthening the incentive function of taxes. At the same time, it is noted that accountants and entrepreneurs continue to face difficulties in their professional field due to the peculiarities of the functioning of the tax system. Further improvement of tax legislation and administration, as well as the implementation of relevant changes, will contribute to the creation of a more efficient and fair tax system.