Heat setting is the heating and holding of a heated solid in a clamped (fixed) state, which eliminates the possibility of its deformation. It is known that heat setting is used in straightening thin rods and flat membranes. For example, a round membrane with a rigid contour can elastically bend during manufacture or operation and take the form of a shallow shell of revolution. Mechanical straightening of such a shell by one-sided external forces leads to its deflection in the opposite direction with a characteristic sound effect such as a clap, which is why such shells are sometimes called "clappers". This occurs due to negative stresses arising in the membrane, causing its loss of stability. Pressing the membrane to a flat surface by external forces also creates negative stresses in it and leads to a loss of stability after the removal of external loads.

Analysis of the features of the mining and geological conditions of Kuzbass shows that one of the factors reducing the safety level of long complex-mechanized working faces is geological faults in the occurrence of coal seams and rocks within the extraction field. In case of technological inexpediency of the transition of the mechanized complex of the fault (the amplitude of the fault is greater than the thickness of the seam), the cleaning complex is reassembled from the dismantling chamber to a new assembly chamber with the formation of coal pillars between the chambers.

Currently, the Russian Federation ranks first in the world in terms of projected coal reserves (6.7 trillion tons or 39% of the total world reserves) and second in terms of proven reserves (193 billion tons or 19% of the total world proven reserves). However, the main technical and economic indicators of the industry are significantly lower compared to those of developed coal mining countries due to the following main reasons: complex mining and geological conditions of development; lack of effective technical and technological solutions for a number of complex mining and geological conditions; unsatisfactory condition of the mine fund; high degree of wear of mining equipment; lower level of mining equipment compared to advanced foreign models, etc.

In geological exploration, stratigraphic and lithological data are not used sufficiently, despite the fact that they can be used to draw conclusions about the conditions of sedimentation and the corresponding facies settings.

The introduction of small (0.1 - 0.5%) beryllium additives has found wide application in cast aluminum alloys (these additives improve the fluidity of the alloys and promote grain refinement). An aluminum alloy with 2.5% beryllium has a high tensile strength and resistance to corrosion. Due to the combined effect of a number of factors inherent in beryllium, the latter ensures a reduction in the oxidation of the aluminum alloy by hundreds of times and is an additive that is extremely important in the development of a high-strength alloy, which largely solves the problem of oxidation.

The development of society is inextricably linked with the growing consumption of natural resources. The main fuel for the production of thermal energy are oil, gas and coal. They can be called traditional energy sources. The main disadvantage of these sources is their non-renewability, these resources can be exhausted. Moreover, humanity is constantly actively increasing the extraction of these minerals. In this regard, in the last 80 years, alternative energy has been actively developing throughout the world, and especially in the European part.

Storage (deposit) of municipal solid waste (MSW) in controlled landfills (polygons) is the most common method of their disposal. MSW landfills differ in climatic and geographic conditions, age, volume, composition and period of emissions, local features of the area. Currently, MSW disposal sites are classified by form (quarry, dump, slope, gully, reservoir), by annual volume of accepted MSW, thousand m3/year (10, 20, 30, 60, 120, 240, etc. up to 3000); disposal capacity (heavily loaded landfills with a total height or depth of more than 20 m and a load of 10 t/m2 and bulk disposal sites up to 20 m high).

The role of man in the modern economy has increased sharply, because it is intellectual labor that has become the leading one in the production sphere. First of all, this is due to the fact that as a result of scientific and technological progress, society has become in dire need of highly qualified labor force. 

Reinforced concrete structures perform a non-load-bearing function in a building, while they do not have any decorative properties and require additional finishing. Combining functional and decorative properties in a concrete product can provide a significant economic effect in the construction and operation of buildings.

The urban environment is a complex functional-spatial system of inseparably connected parts of the city. Public buildings, including medical institutions, in the urban environment are intended for various types of public services.

The main issues of the state national policy of the Russian Federation, requiring special attention from state and municipal bodies, are, firstly, the preservation and development of the cultures and languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation, strengthening their spiritual community; secondly, ensuring the rights of indigenous peoples and national minorities, etc.

As a result of the reform, public rail transport will include not only railways and other business units of JSC Russian Railways, but also any other business entities that comply with Russian legislation, acting as carriers, infrastructure owners, and performers of work and services in the field of rail transport under the terms of a public contract.

The metal coolers used in continuous casting machines (CCM) are a set of movable and fixed beams on which the cooled metal is located. The movable beams are brought to the metal, lift it in the vertical plane, move it in the horizontal plane and then lower it to a new place located one step from the previous cooler. Thus, the metal moves along the cooler from one end to the other.