First created over 20 years, high-entropy five-component alloy CoCrFeNiMn (Cantor alloy) still attracts the attention of researchers in the field of physical materials science because its possible application in various industries due to a successful combination of strength and plastic properties. To date, a large amount of experimental material has been accumulated on how to control the properties of this alloy. This article reviews the publications of Russian and foreign authors in two areas of improving the properties of this alloy: alloying, precipitation and heat treatment and the use of Calphad phase diagrams. In the first direction, the role of alloying with B, Vi, Al, V, Si, Nb is analyzed; nanoprecipitations, various modes of thermal and deformation processing. It is concluded that it is necessary to conduct experiments alloying HEA with Zr and Nb, which have proven themselves well in steels hardening. The creation and modification of the properties of five-component HEA is possible using the Calphad computer software developed for calculating state diagrams. The results of publications on the thermodynamic description of five-component alloys analyzed in the article are confirmed by comparing the phase diagrams with the available experimental data. It is shown that the development of a new generation of HEAs is possible based on the calculation of the Calphad phase diagrams.

5xxx series aluminum alloy is widely used in automotive and shipbuilding industries because of its low density, high tensile strength and good corrosion resistance. In this work, the microstructure and phase composition of the Al – Mg alloy, obtained by the method of wire-arc additive manufacturing with further electron-beam processing, were studied. The purpose of this study is to study the effect of electron beam processing on the structure of Al – Mg alloy. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy was used to study the structure of an Al – Mg alloy obtained by wire-arc additive manufacturing. The influence of electron-beam processing at different energy densities for Al – Mg alloy samples fabricated by the wire-arc additive method is considered. It is shown that, regardless of the modes of electron-beam processing, the phase composition in the surface layer does not change, but the average dislocation density increases. Experimental studies of the phase composition and structure of the Al – Mg alloy were carried out. The influence of different modes of electron-beam processing on the change in the microstructure, phase composition, and dislocation density of the additively fabricated Al – Mg alloy has been determined and analyzed. It is shown that with an increase in the energy density of the electron beam, the grain size increases, and the magnesium content on the surface of the Al – Mg alloy decreases. It is shown that, regardless of the modes of electron-beam processing, the phase composition of the surface layer does not change, but the average dislocation density increases.

During the heat treatment process, the temperature change always occurs unevenly over the volume of the product. At the same time, thermal (stretching in colder zones, and compressive in more heated ones) and phase stresses arise. The theory of heat treatment of materials states that with symmetrical heating or cooling of homogeneous products of simple shape, thermal stresses are distributed symmetrically, the bending moment is zero, shape changes (warping, leashes) should not occur. Under certain conditions, warping is possible with symmetrical heating or cooling of a homogeneous symmetrical object. During temperature changes inside the product, areas with macro stresses of stretching and compression arise. The resulting normal stresses create two compensated forces (stretching and compression). As is known from the theory of resistance of materials, if the compressive force exceeds the critical one, then even with a symmetrical distribution of stresses, there is a loss of compression stability (warping of the object). Consequently, we obtain a dimensionless criterion, if the critical value of which is exceeded (for the plate – 2.6, for the rod – 2.2), there is a danger of uncontrolled shape change (warping) even with absolutely symmetrical heating or cooling during heat treatment. The experiment confirmed the theoretical estimates. The danger of such warping should be taken into account when assigning heat treatment modes for symmetrical products (sheets, strips, disks, rods).

The results of the study of the effect of ion (argon, carbon, nitrogen, xenon) treatment at various beam parameters (ion energy, current density, energy density, fluence, irradiation modes) on the physical and mechanical properties (structure, phase composition, microhardness) of ceramics based on partially stabilized zirconia and alumina are presented. The regularities of structural and phase transformations, the effects of surface modification of zirconia and alumina ceramics when exposed to accelerated ions are established. X-ray phase analysis showed that ion (argon, nitrogen, xenon) treatment, regardless of the mode (continuous, pulsed) in the surface layer of ceramics based on partially stabilized zirconia, leads to phase rearrangement at a depth of about 15 μm. According to scanning electron microscopy continuous ion beams (argon, xenon) do not lead to morphological changes in the surface layer of oxide ceramics. The impact of pulsed ion (carbon, nitrogen) beams leads to short-term melting and solidification processes, as a result of which a structure is formed in the surface layer of oxide ceramics which differs from the structure in the volume of ceramics. Regardless of the beam mode and parameters, ion treatment leads to an increase in the microhardness of the ceramic surface from of partially stabilized zirconia and alumina.

The mutual influence of water taken from real stagnant reservoirs and samples of unalloyed steel has been experimentally studied on the acidity and microbiological population of water and on the general corrosion of unalloyed steel, including in the presence of low-frequency ultrasonic vibrations. The competitive activity of microorganisms, during long exposures, leads to fluctuations in the acidity of the medium, followed by alkalization, which increases the likelihood of pitting corrosion and stress-corrosion cracking. Changes in the acidity of the medium upon contact with steel and exposure to low-frequency ultrasound have not been identified, however, such contact suppresses the vital activity of bacteria present in the water. It is shown that the impact of low-frequency ultrasonic vibrations and residual mechanical stresses contribute to the development of corrosion processes.

For rail steels, there are increased requirements for the mechanical properties and performance characteristics. Therefore, the development of new grades of rail steel is an urgent task. Continuously cooled carbide-free bainitic steels are potential candidates for railway applications owing to their high fracture toughness, fatigue resistance, and wear resistance. The heat-treatment process has a significant impact on the limiting mechanical properties of bainitic rail steels. Predicting the microstructure is a decisive factor in reshaping the production technology. To move away from the enumeration method, it is necessary to create mathematical models of rail cooling that consider the chemical composition. To model structural phase transformations in rails under non-isothermal conditions, two approaches are being developed: Avrami-Kolmogorov with the Scheil rule and the phase field model. This review focuses on modern research on computer simulations of structural phase transformations using these two approaches. The first approach was proposed in the 30 s of the 20th century for isothermal conditions and was later developed for the non-isothermal case in the framework of Scheil's rule. At present, the interest of researchers in this approach has not weakened owing to the short calculation time. However, this method cannot describe the spatial distribution of phases and structures; therefore, methods of the phase field are being actively developed, the calculations of which can range from several hours to several days. This review analyses these approaches and demonstrates their limitations.

The mechanical properties of any structural material are among the most influential factors in determining its potential application. The aim of this study is to look at how ball-milling affects the mechanical properties of Mg – 3 % Al alloy. Powder metallurgy approach integrating room temperature ball milling at different duration, cold powder compaction, sintering at inert atmosphere, and hot extrusion techniques were used to fabricate high quality ultra-fine grained and nanocrystalline Mg – 3 % Al alloy samples. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed a quick reduction in grain size followed by saturation of the grain size at around 36 nm in 30 hrs of milling. In order to investigate the effect of grain refinement on the stress-strain response of the alloy, the extruded samples were then subjected to large compressive strains under uniaxial compressive loading. Micro-indentation studies were conducted with three separate peak loads of 3 N, 5 N, and 7 N to investigate the micromechanical behaviour of the alloy produced from different milling durations. The loading-unloading curve of the micro-indentation test was found to be strongly influenced by milling duration of the elemental powder. The grain refining affect was clearly seen in measurements of microhardness and indentation modulus.

The results of an experimental study of the effect of anisotropy of the mechanical properties of sheet blanks on the limiting angle of incremental shaping are presented. According to the developed cold rolling routes in combination with heat treatment of aluminum alloy 8011A sheets, samples with different coefficients of transverse deformation were obtained. The average value of the anisotropy indicators in the plane of the sheet and the coefficient of planar anisotropy are calculated. The values of the limiting angle of incremental shaping were obtained on a special stand consisting of an industrial robot KR 160 R1570 nano, a frame for fixing the workpiece and a non-contact optical deformation measurement system Vic 3D. Based on the obtained values, the dependences of the distribution of the main deformations e1 and e2 in the direction of rolling along the generatrix for sheets with different anisotropy indices were constructed. It is determined that the nature of the strain distribution is the same for the samples under consideration. From the center to the edge of the workpiece, the deformations increase to the maximum value (the section of the curved generatrix), and then decrease to zero (the transition area from the generatrix to the bottom). However, the main deformation and the position of the maximum for sheets with an anisotropy index Δμ > 0 is higher than for sheets with Δμ < 0. Then, for the manufactured sheets, the limiting angle of incremental shaping was determined, equal to 67.8° for samples with a positive index of planar anisotropy and 47.6° for samples with a negative one. The obtained results, together with the position of the crack on the conical parts, indicate a significant influence of the anisotropy of mechanical properties on the process of incremental shaping.

A study of the corrosion resistance of low-alloy cast iron in the environment of anodic gases of aluminum EcoSoderberg electrolyzers was carried out. During the experiments, cast irons not le-gated and alloyed with chromium, aluminum, together with chromium and aluminum were used. The studied samples and compositions of cast iron differ in chemical composition, the structure of the base, the form of carbon in the structure and the form of graphite. The duration of the experiment was 384 days. The corrosion resistance of cast iron was determined by the mass loss of samples and specific mass loss per unit surface per unit time. Of the studied compositions, cast iron containing a minimum amount of aluminum and chromium has the highest corrosion resistance. The mass loss of the samples was 33.8 %, and the specific loss was 1.71 · 10^–4 g/(cm²·h). The base of cast iron is ferrite-pearlite, graphite has a flake shape. Cast iron alloyed with aluminum in an amount of 0.64 % and alloyed with aluminum in an amount of 2.74 % and chromium 1.83 % has similar corrosion resistance indicators. The mass losses of the samples were 48.6 and 49.4 %, and the specific losses were 2.57 · 10^–4 and     2.51 g/(cm² · h), respectively. Graphite in such cast irons has a flake-like shape. Cast iron alloyed with aluminum in an amount of 5.51 % has relatively low corrosion resistance indicators, the weight loss of the samples was    64.4 %, and the specific loss was 3.22 · 10^–4 g /(cm² · h). Graphite in the structure of such cast iron has a lamellar structure. Minimum corrosion resistance is typical for cast iron samples with a chromium content of 1.83 %. 

Social entrepreneurship as a relatively new economic phenomenon. It is becoming more and more widespread in modern society. It provides an opportunity to solve a wide range of social problems through the involvement of citizens and organizations, the use of appropriate economic mechanisms. At the same time, it is important to distinguish social entrepreneurship from the provision of public services and social activities. Activities in the field of social entrepreneurship enjoy support measures at the federal and regional levels. Also in Kuzbass there are the Kuzbass Center for Innovations in the Social Sphere, the project "Workshop for Social Entrepreneurship", the Center for Social Entrepreneurship "Step Forward", regional forums "Community of Social Entrepreneurs of Kuzbass" are held. The main limiting factors are the lack of knowledge about this area in general and about the corresponding support measures, as well as the uncertainty of the economic situation. In the social sphere of Kuzbass, 1228 enterprises are currently operating, 124 small and medium-sized businesses are in the register of social entrepreneurs. In the statistics of social business in Kuzbass, predominating activities are those related to health care, social tourism, physical culture and mass sports (51 %), as well as education (39 %). At the same time, the social problems of Kuzbass are deteriorating due to such factors as an unfavorable environmental situation, a reduction in the number of enterprises in the “non-coal” sectors of the economy, and migration of the population from the region, especially at the expense of young people. At the same time, activities related to environmental protection and environmental safety account for only 4 % in social business statistics. Therefore, the directions for the development of social entrepreneurship in Kuzbass should consider local problems.

The paper considers some factors of consumer demand that affect economic growth in the conditions of the modern sanctions economy. The allocation of consumer demand and credit as factors of economic growth is of particular importance due to the limited use of external factors of borrowing and the reorientation of resources within the country towards self-sufficiency with modern technologies. As a basic approach, an analysis of institutional factors affecting consumer demand and credit is used. As such factors, the behavioral characteristics of consumers, the relationship between credit and financial literacy, the institutionalization of the banking sector of the economy in terms of the adoption of new legal acts related to the protection of consumer rights, as well as new financial products that the economy is currently in dire need of in terms of the formation of "long money". The fall in consumer demand and credit activity in the Russian economy was caused by a number of factors, including a fall in real incomes, the withdrawal of money from the country, remigration, and growing anxiety due to the risk of loan defaults, as the turbulence of the economy intensified. The possibility of growth in consumer demand in the future has also changed due to the reduction in the saved part of income in the present. The credit activity of the population in the modern Russian economy has a number of features, the main of which are: high debt burden of the population, a growing level of overdue debt, the predominance of mortgage loans in the loan portfolio of banks and the tightening of regulatory requirements for microfinance organizations. In order to stimulate consumer activity, an institutional increase in the minimum wage is proposed, which should not only increase the income of the population, but also serve as an incentive for capital to replace live low-skilled labor with machine labor. This will lead to an increase in labor productivity, as a result - an increase in income not only in terms of remuneration for highly skilled labor, but also in terms of the growth of a product with a high share of value added.

Among the barriers hindering the development of relations between industrial partners, insufficient attention is paid to the conflict of interests between its participants. The causes and consequences of the conflict of interests, as well as the interests and values of teachers and business partners of the university are determined. A survey was conducted, including an assessment of the factors (characteristics of educational partners) influencing the choice of a university to establish partnerships. The survey was conducted among the heads of business partners of the Siberian State Industrial University (SibGIU), heads and teachers of educational institutions in Novokuznetsk. The results of the study showed that the interaction between the university and organizations is hindered by a conflict of interests, which leads to a mismatch of the expectations of both sides from mutual cooperation and complicates its further development. The interests of employees of educational institutions are determined by ideas about the basic values of professional culture. Business interests are determined by the desire to "get" graduates who have knowledge of specific technological processes and are loyal to work at industrial enterprises. The role of organizational culture in overcoming contradictions and barriers for the transition of relations from the "Awareness" stage to the "Involvement" stage for the development of cooperation on the model of continuous partnership of the university is noted. The development of the university should be promoted by its organizational culture. Conflicts of interests and values of various groups both within the university and with industrial partners can lead to a loss of the university's focus. The university should preserve and develop the competencies of university teachers necessary for the training of specialists for companies in the region – the university's personnel partners. To do this, the value system of teachers should be focused on the educational standard for the fulfillment of the state order and the formation of knowledge of a competitive graduate; the creation of new knowledge and innovations in the framework of joint projects with enterprises; on the social flexibility of educational processes that provide opportunities to expand the university's abilities to meet the needs of industrial enterprises.