Statement of the problem (relevance of the work): The use of aluminum and its alloys as structural materials is due to their resistance to corrosion. Aluminum alloys have high resistance to corrosion in atmospheric and marine conditions, in alkaline and acid solutions, low density, good machinability. In terms of corrosion resistance, these alloys are significantly superior to cast alloys of other aluminum-based systems. The high corrosion resistance of aluminum alloys in various media is determined by the formation of a hydrated film that delays the corrosion process. The high strength of the alloys of this system is associated with an increase in the distortion of the crystal lattice with an increase in the content of copper and magnesium in the solid solution. To improve the corrosion and mechanical properties, additives of various metals are introduced into aluminum alloys. One of the most important characteristics of aluminum alloys is heat capacity. Knowledge of the heat capacity and its temperature dependence plays an important role in the study of alloys. The purpose of the work: to study the temperature dependence of the thermophysical properties and thermodynamic functions of the AlCu4.5Mg1 aluminum alloy with cerium. Methods used: Many methods are known for measuring the heat capacity of a solid. In this work, a method is used to compare the cooling curves of the reference and test samples in the “cooling” mode using an aluminum standard (Al A5N) in the range of 300 – 800 K. 5Mg1. Result: mathematical models have been established that describe the temperature dependence of the heat capacity of the alloy on the cerium content and the change in their thermodynamic functions in the specified temperature range. As a result of the studies carried out, it was shown that with increasing temperature, the heat capacity, enthalpy and entropy of alloys increase, and the value of the Gibbs energy decreases. Practical significance: the obtained characteristics of thermophysical properties and thermodynamic functions of aluminum alloy AlCu4.5Mg1 with cerium fill up the pages of the relevant reference books on the thermophysics of materials and can be used in the design of parts and machines from these alloys.

A new mechanism for the formation of near-edge photoluminescence due to the presence of a thin polycrystalline CdTe layer in a p-CdTe/n-CdS film heterostructure has been studied. The possibility of detecting low-dimensional effects in microcrystals of the linear size being on the order of one micron is considered. The effect has been found that shows the appearance in the low-temperature photoluminescence spectra of CdTe microcrystals of a dominant narrow "superhot" emission band which is located in energy above the fundamental edge of the intrinsic absorption of the bulk material. A theoretical model is developed according to which an anomalous emission band arises as a result of optical transitions of electrons from near-surface levels of spatial quantization to states of the valence band. It is shown that additional illumination of the heterostructure from the side of the transparent substrate with light from the CdS intrinsic absorption spectral region leads to quenching of the anomalous short-wavelength emission band and simultaneous “ignition” of the CdTe exciton-polariton luminescence. This effect finds a natural explanation if we take into account the illumination-induced generation of additional charge carriers, which compensate for the positive charge of the microcrystal surface and the negative space charge of acceptors. In the future, studies of the luminescence spectra of p-CdTe/n-CdS film heterostructures with transparent ohmic contacts are of interest, first of all, from the applied point of view in order to create new film solar cells on their basis. Such studies should include a more thorough analysis of the dependences on the size of microcrystals, the thickness of the CdS and CdTe layers, the doping method, temperature, the spectral composition of illumination, and its intensity, as well. It is necessary to develop a method for the theoretical calculation of the spectrum of superhot radiation under conditions of near-surface quantum-well recombination of photoelectrons taking into account their Coulomb interaction with free photoholes, which can be considered rigorously only in the framework of many-particle problem.

In this article, metallographic studies of the structure of multilayer coatings of high-speed steel R19Yu, formed in a nitrogen atmosphere during a multilayer plasma transfer arc with flux-cored wire, were carried out using the methods of light and scanning electron microscopy on transverse sections. The coatings have a disoriented dendritic structure with a characteristic dimension of the first-order axes of 100 μm, which changes little with depth. A carbide network of eutectic carbides of the Me₆C type is revealed in detail at high magnifications along the boundaries of solid solution grains with cell sizes in the range of 5–100 µm. The grid is bordered by a light layer of a homogeneous metal, apparently representing a low-alloyed ferrite. Small cells with characteristic dimensions of 5–10 µm have a homogeneous ferrite structure, while larger cells form an inner dark region that has an austenitic-martensitic structure with inclusions of finely acicular martensite. In larger cells, an inner dark region forms, which has an austenitic-martensitic structure with inclusions of equiaxed isolated carbides. Since the surfacing was carried out in a nitrogen atmosphere, the formation of nitrogen-containing carbides or carbonitrides in it should also be assumed. Under such crystallization conditions, complex carbides of the Fe3(W-Mo-N-V)3С type are also formed. The formation of nitrides Fe₄N is also possible. The characteristic size of martensitic needles in it is 1–3 μm. After four high-temperature temperings at 560 °C, as a result of the decay of residual austenite, the formation of tempered martensite, and the precipitation of dispersed carbides, the total microhardness increases from 472 to 528 HV and its distribution becomes more homogenous. In this case, the growth of martensitic needles is observed in the range of 2 to 6 μm.

The article deals with the problem arising in systems with a set of consecutive separately controllable technological circuits and units. These circuits at the input and output have technological links with neighboring ones, but at the control level their integration into production provides only for the transfer of information parameters to the operator of the entire technological complex. The operator often does not have time to process the entire flow of incoming information and make corrective decisions. This leads to problems of mutual influence of such circuits and units on each other, which reduces the efficiency of management, quality of finished products and can lead to unscheduled downtime and emergencies. As a solution, it is proposed to assign some production control functions to the main ACS, allocating a special process controller and subnetwork for controlling local control and regulation systems. Then, with the help of special subsystems ("agents") it is possible to introduce corrective actions into the technological setpoints and parameters of each circuit so as to minimize the deviations of the setpoints of the finished products of the whole complex. In the case of modern production, the role of such "agents" is played by digital advisors, but they provide only possible solutions and leave the choice to the human operator. For well-established advisors built on the basis of physico-chemical, balance and technological, statistical, neural network, expert or combined natural-mathematical and physico-chemical models. As an example, the scheme of the complex of technical means of ACS of the main building of the enrichment plant "Mine No. 12" is given. As a difficulty of realization of such a solution the closedness of local control systems, especially foreign ones, is noted and as a solution the application of complex reverse-engineering methods is proposed.

Based on comprehensive studies conducted using optical and electron microscopy methods, X-ray phase analysis, the nature of characteristic metallurgical defects of railway rails manufactured by JSC EVRAZ ZSMK has been determined. These defects, which are the cause of rejection of railway rails during ultrasonic quality control, are mainly stratifications with accumulations of non-metallic inclusions in the form of silicon and aluminum oxides, aluminosilicates and manganese sulfides. Such bundles are localized in the neck of the rail profiles, elongated in the direction of rolling and have a length of up to 2 mm. Based on statistical studies conducted using the multiple regression analysis technique for a sample of 200 melts of E76XF grade rail steel, it was found that an increase in the duration and intensity of purging the melt of rail steel with an inert gas during processing on the ladle furnace unit, a decrease in the oxidation of steel at the outlet of an electric arc furnace, a decrease in sulfur, phosphorus, copper and tin in the finished steel cause a reduction in the rejection of rails for internal defects. The analysis of the relative degree of influence and the mechanisms of influence of each of the listed parameters on the probability of the formation of internal defects of rails allowed us to establish that the main influence on the amount of rejection of rails for defects of metallurgical origin is the oxidation of steel at the outlet from the furnace and the parameters of its purging with inert gas in the bucket (duration and intensity of purging with inert gas). Metallographic studies of melt samples of the specified rail steel after out-of-furnace processing and samples taken from continuously cast billets of this steel confirmed that a decrease in the oxygen content in the steel at the outlet from the furnace, together with an increase in the duration and intensity of purging the melt with inert gas in the steel ladle significantly reduce the contamination of liquid steel and continuously cast billets with oxide, silicate and sulfide non-metallic inclusions, that is, potentially reduce the intensity of the formation of internal defects of the rails.

Strain hardening of steels is an effective approach to changing the structural-phase state and properties. Understanding the mechanisms of formation of structural-phase states and properties of pearlitic steel during plastic deformation is crucial for controlling the process of de-formation behavior. The importance of knowledge in this area is due to serious problems in the field of physical materials science, as well as the practical consequences of the use of pearlitic steel, which is widely used in the railway industry. Currently, there is great interest in understanding the general relationships characterizing strain hardening. This interest is associated with the possibility of developing a complex theory of this phenomenon and studying the dislocation mechanisms that determine the observed stress-strain curves σ(ε). It is noteworthy that advances have been made in the field of strength physics, in particular in understanding the dislocation structure of bainitic and martensitic steels. These advances have contributed to expanding our understanding of strain hardening phenomena. Present work the evolution of structural-phase states and dislocation substructure of rail steel under uniaxial com-pression to the degree of 50 % was studied by transmission electron microscopy. The obtained data formed the basis for a quantitative analysis of the mechanisms of rail steel strengthening at degrees of deformation by compression 15, 30, 50 %. Contributions to the strengthening caused by the friction of matrix lattice, dislocation substructure, presence of carbide particles, internal stress fields, solid solution and substructural strengthening, pearlite component of the steel structure are estimated. Using the adaptivity principle, which as-sumes the independent action of each of the strengthening mechanisms, the dependence of rail steel strength on the degree of plastic deformation by compression is estimated. A com-parative analysis of the stress-strain curves σ(ε) obtained experimentally and calculated theo-retically is performed.

The stages and kinetics of development of sites of localized plastic deformation in the polycrystalline copper-nickel alloy Cu-40 %Ni-1.5%Mn in the temperature range 173 – 297 K have been studied. Currently, copper-nickel alloys are used in various industries due to the fact that they have high anti-corrosion properties and have good ductility. Previously, the localization of plastic flow during impurity strengthening of materials using the basic principles of autowave plasticity models was practically not studied. It is known that localization of plastic flow is often the cause of destruction of materials during technological processes associated with large plastic deformations. To identify the nature of the evolution of autowaves of localized plasticity in samples, the spatiotemporal distributions of local strains directly during the stretching process were studied using two-exposure speckle photography every 0.2 % of the total strain. Tension diagrams in the temperature range under study are parabolic type diagrams. It has been shown that the temperature dependences of the mechanical properties indicate a high level of strength and ductility of the annealed alloy at relatively low temperatures. Data from backscattered electron diffraction analysis showed that after annealing, more than 80 % of the cubic component is observed in the alloy texture. The observed patterns of localized deformation distributions contain important information about the nature of plastic flow. The shapes of the localization patterns observed during plastic deformation unambiguously correspond to the laws of work hardening operating at different stages. A change in the spatial period and speed of autowaves localizing plastic deformation with decreasing temperature was revealed.

The atmosphere of the anode gases of the aluminum electrolyzers of EcoSoderberg contains fluorine compounds, sulfur oxides and vanadium, causing intense gas corrosion of the elements of the gas collecting bell. Corrosion of cast-iron sections of the gas collecting bell leads to a reduction in their service life, as a consequence of the need for more frequent repairs and is the reason for a decrease in the grade of primary aluminum by iron impurities. The corrosion resistance of low-alloyed chromium-siliceous cast iron (silicon content 3.06 %, chromium 0.71 %) in the anode gases of aluminum electrolyzers was studied. The research was carried out in industrial conditions. Full-profile sections of the gas collecting bell are made of experimental cast iron. The duration of operation of the sections was 24.32 months. The mass loss due to corrosion was 13.5 %, and the average specific mass loss was 0.128 ·10^–3, g/(cm²·h). The specific mass loss of routinely used high-strength cast iron with spherical graphite grade HF 50 is almost 4.8 times higher and amounts to 0.614 · 10^–3, g / (cm² · h). The basis of experimental low-alloyed chromium-silicon cast iron is ferritic, graphite secretions have a shape close to spherical, corrosion processes develop along the boundaries of ferrite grains. The hardness of cast iron is 140 – 149 NV. The increased corrosion resistance of cast iron is based on the ability of chromium and silicon to form protective films on the metal surface that prevent the diffusion of oxidizing gases. In particular, silicon contributes to an increase in the point of formation and stable existence in the corrosion products of the lustite phase of FeO up to 900 °C and forms a layer of Fe₂SiO₄ · SiO₂ with increased protective properties and slowing down the processes of high-temperature gas corrosion. The experimental composition of cast iron is recommended for industrial use.

Using mathematical modeling, a comprehensive analysis of experimental data on the study of the behavior of a 350-ton converter bath during characteristic periods of upper purging at a high rate of decarburization of the melt and at the final stage of the operation was performed. The developed and adapted mathematical models and numerical studies made it possible to additionally describe macrophysical phenomena during the movement of gas-metallic, gas-slag and multicomponent phases in the working space of the converter. It is established that the overall dynamics and circulation of the gas-and-metal medium as a whole is determined by the processes in the reaction zone and the level of foamed slag. When the melt is purged through the upper lance in the mode of buried gas jets and a different amount of slag in the working space, quantitative characteristics of the relative values of the gas content in the slag in relation to the average density and concentration of gas in the emulsion are determined. The obtained data allow us to supplement the understanding of the hydrodynamics of the metal and slag phases in the converter during the characteristic periods of melting and use the information obtained in the development of rational parameters of the blast mode of the converter operation.

The article notes the insufficient knowledge of such relatively new phenomena in Russian and world practice as digital ecosystems, business ecosystems. The results of a study of the conceptual apparatus used in describing the formation and functioning of banking ecosystems in the Russian Federation are presented. The analysis was based on data from The Lens platform, which is open to researchers and scientific organizations. More than 2,000 sources were analyzed, which became possible thanks to cluster analysis of relationships between key terms. This type of bibliometric study was carried out using the VosViewer software tool. The results obtained are presented in the form of a map of connections of the selected areas of research, which were “Digital Ecosystems”, “Business Ecosystems” and “Business Models” and interpreted according to the connecting elements. The duration of the analyzed period and the total number of publications studied on the platform allow us to conclude that the results obtained are representative. As a result of the analysis of the basic definitions and practice of functioning of bank-centric ecosystems in the Russian Federation, a promising definition of the banking ecosystem was formulated and its main features were identified. The evolution of business ecosystem concepts is shown. The study found that the formation of methodological foundations for the development of ecosystems in Russian and foreign scientific thought is still in its infancy. The essence and key features of a bank-centric ecosystem are determined. The digital technologies currently being introduced into the practice of functioning of bank-centric ecosystems are analyzed.The results of the study can be used both in studying the theoretical foundations of the ecosystem approach to business organization, and in order to form a regulatory framework for regulating the activities of banking ecosystems.

The article defines the conditions for ensuring socio-economic security of both the individual in particular and the state as a whole. It is shown that social security is a condition for achieving economic security. The factors of social security characterizing economic security are highlighted, including the level of socio-demographic development of the state, social stability and sustainability of socio-economic development. The indicators for assessment of the socio-economic security of the state, presented in Russian and foreign scientific publications, allowing monitoring of the socio-economic security of the state on an ongoing basis, are reflected. The importance of competent establishment of threshold values of these indicators, adequate to the socio-economic situation of a particular state, is noted. Socio-economic security is defined as an integral category reflecting the complex of socio-economic relations formed between individual subjects, society as a whole and the state. The mechanism of formation of socio-economic security is described, including the regulatory framework for ensuring socio-economic security and a set of economic, political and social measures that determine the main activities and ways of influencing the subjects of socio-economic security management on threats to socio-economic security in order to prevent them. The structural elements of the mechanism for the formation of socio-economic security are identified, which make it possible to ensure the effective functioning of the system for ensuring the socio-economic security of the state. It is noted that the elements of the socio-economic security system are interconnected, interdependent, interact with each other in a certain hierarchical subordination, while functionally unique. The key regulatory and legal documents forming the information subsystem of the socio-economic security system are identified. The measures of socio-economic support of citizens in the Russian Federation during the pandemic, as well as measures introduced since January 01, 2023, have been analyzed.

The article applies one of the principles of state regulation of organizations that are users of natural resources. Organizations carrying out economic activities are subject to a fee for the negative impact on emissions into the environment. The activities of coal mining companies lead to significant emissions of methane, a gas that is a pollutant included in the payment. Calculations of the cost of methane emissions were made, the values obtained were analyzed and it was concluded that companies using technologies to reduce total methane emissions reduce operating costs and, as a result, are able to manage factors and changes with external consequences that have a negative impact on the environment. The paper notes that in addition to the economic burden on the enterprise, methane emissions have a negative greenhouse effect, leading to climate change. The article presents world and Russian scientific researches in the direction of updating the accounting and protection of interests of young greenhouse gases in the field of mining. The relevance of the direction of carbon regulation and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the Russian Federation is confirmed by the creation of a legislative framework in the Russian Federation, mandatory reporting of greenhouse gas emissions by enterprises and the implementation of pilot project systems for trading quotas for greenhouse gas emissions on Sakhalin. The main provisions for two gases in the southern mines are given, including: mine workings and pipelines for methane removal from the mines, methane flares, emissions from fuel combustion in boiler houses for heating mine workings and administrative buildings, and emissions from fuel-burning vehicles at the enterprise. From the analysis of the values obtained, it was concluded that methane emissions are the main greenhouse gas emissions in coal mines, and that the management of emissions will allow companies to comply with the country's course in the economics of decarbonization and to achieve a low carbon economy.

The importance for the successful existence of the department of gradually accumulating experience in the development of scientific products and the constant reproduction of scientific personnel is shown. Scientific work allows the department, as a scientific school, to plan for the coming years the types of work on solving urgent scientific problems related to technological equipment, and to train scientific staff for this field of scientific activity. All this inspires confidence that the scientific school, which was founded in the distant thirties of the XX century, steadily developed and, having formed, took a worthy place in the scientific community of our country, will successfully continue its activities. The tasks solved by the department as a scientific school in recent decades can be designated as problems of theory and practice aimed at the formation of complex technical and socio-technical systems of the required efficiency. It is emphasized that technical and industrial complexes are currently being studied by the staff of the department as complex, interconnected, synchronously operating energy systems. The scientific school of the department is engaged in the development of knowledge that will eventually form production complexes with a rational layout and the currently required performance.

The monograph under review is a comprehensive scientific publication that includes analytical, research, and production-technical sections. Chapters 1–6 critically analyze, systematize, and summarize the latest information on existing technologies of oxygen-converter steelmaking, unit designs, equipment linings, and repair methods, and types of refractory materials used. The issues of organizing “hot” lining repairs, blower devices, units, and materials used are considered. Information on modern methods of monitoring and analyzing lining durability during operation is presented. The monograph uses a significant (239 sources) list of domestic and foreign publications, which indicates a sufficiently deep and comprehensive analysis of the scientific and practical problem being solved.

The monograph’s particular scientific value is represented by the author’s own research and development material, which summarizes the work in the area under consideration carried out over the past 30 years, which is described in Chapters 7–11.

The monograph is a specialized scientific publication, made at a high professional level. The work is devoted to the issues of increasing the durability of the lining of oxygen converters through the use of various methods, techniques and technologies of "hot" repairs, a significant number of which are the author's developments. The book contains 11 sections, rationally combined in the presentation of the material relevant to metallurgy.

Chapter 1. Features and trends in the development of world steel production - presents the general current situation in the development of various methods of steel production, a brief excursion into the history of the emergence of the oxygen-converter method, prospects and directions for its improvement.

Chapter 2. Modern options for converter melting technology and features of the operation of refractory lining - is devoted to the analysis of technology options (upper, bottom, combined blowing) of the converter bath and the features of their influence on the lining.