A brief overview of the latest experimental results of studying metals and alloys under the influence of an external magnetic field is presented. The phenomenon of magnetism is widely studied by various groups of scientists for use in devices and devices used both in people's daily lives and on an industrial scale. It is revealed that the influence of the magnetic field on structural and phase transformations, strength and plastic properties of materials during deformation mainly depends on the magnetic nature of the metal. A constant magnetic field contributes to the change of various deformation characteristics of a number of solids with ionic, ion-covalent, covalent, molecular and metallic bonding of solids. It has been established that there are additional factors that cause changes in the deformation characteristics of metals and alloys under the influence of external magnetic fields. During the analysis, the following factors were identified, additionally influencing: the melting point of the metal, the structure of the crystal lattice, the temperature during the experiment, magnetic induction during magnetic field treatment. It was revealed that the largest number of studies were conducted on titanium, aluminum and their alloys. An insufficient number of studies in the field of magnetic processing on technically pure lead have been noted. The results of the review may have academic significance ‒ the results obtained in the study will expand the understanding of the influence of magnetic influences on polycrystalline metallic materials, and the patterns established in the work can be used in the study of the physical properties of metallic materials.

A model of convective mixing is proposed for processing high-entropy melts of AlCoCrFeNi and CuBiSnInPb systems with low-energy high-current electron beams, taking into account evaporation from the surface of materials. The model is based on the idea that processing with concentrated energy flows leads to the appearance of vortex patterns in the molten layer. The mechanism of their formation lies in the fact that the presence of a temperature gradient in the melted layer leads to the occurrence of thermocapillary convection. The convective flow model is based on the Navier-Stokes equations, heat transfer in liquid media and boundary conditions taking into account the outflow of evaporated material. The solution of these equations by the finite element method was carried out for two cases. In the first case, the dependence of thermophysical parameters on temperature was not taken into account, and in the second, this dependence was taken into account. It showed that in the first case in the AlCoCrFeNi melt at the heating stage, the melt flow is laminar. The instability of this flow is observed at the "melt/solid" boundary. The cooling stage is characterized by the formation of vortex flows. The formation of vortices occurs both at a distance close to the radius of the irradiation spot and in the central region. In the case of the CuBiSnInPb alloy, the same pattern is observed, with the only difference that the convective flow processes proceed faster due to lower values of surface tension and liquidus temperature compared to the previous case. In the second case, electron beam processing leads to the formation of a multi-vortex pattern, which, developing at the heating stage, captures all new areas of the material. At the cooling stage, the fusion of vortices and the formation of a stationary laminar flow is observed.

Using the methods of modern physical materials science, studies of the structural-phase states and properties of plasma surfacing from high-speed steel R18Yu in a protective alloying environment of nitrogen were carried out. The main element of the structure of the deposited word is grains, the size of which is 7.0 – 22.5 microns. It has been shown that plasma surfacing with a non-current-carrying flux-cored wire leads to the formation of a layer, the main phases of which are α-Fe and carbides of composition M₆C (M = Fe, W), which form a frame mesh represented by two morphologically different types in the form extended layers and areas with a eutectoid-type structure. The inclusion of the carbide phase does not contain a dislocation sub-structure and is characterized by the presence of flexural extinction contours, which indicates elastic stresses of the surfacing material. The scalar density of chaotically distributed dislocations in α-Fe grains is 2.2∙10¹⁰ cm^–2, and in the network dislocation substructure 1.2∙10¹¹ cm^–2. Using transmission electron microscopy, particles of vanadium carbide of composition V₄C₃ with needle-like morphology were identified in the volume of grains. The crystal lattice parameter (a = 2.888 Å), the size of coherent scattering regions (44 nm) and the carbon concentration in the α-Fe solid solution (0.286 wt.%) were assessed. The microhardness of the deposited layer is 4.7 GPa, the wear parameter is 8.9∙10^–6 mm³/N∙m, the thorn coefficient is 0.7.

Studies of the patterns of organization of the structure and properties of large-sized parts based on copper and stainless steel in the printing process by wire additive electron beam technology have been carried out. A 3D printing technique was developed on flat test samples, which ensured the production of defect-free experimental samples with a low degree of mutual mixing of components in the transition zone. Printing was carried out on experimental equipment at the Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science SB RAS by sequential formation on a stainless steel substrate using an inclined-rotary cooled table of a steel cylinder. Then, with preheating of the steel, copper was applied to it to the entire height of the cylinder. No mechanical treatment of the steel cylinder was carried out between the application of filaments based on steel and copper. According to structural studies, a sufficiently dense contact of copper and steel is formed in the samples, which indicates that all irregularities on the steel cylinder after printing are completely filled with copper. In steel sections of bimetallic elements, the dendritic structure is preserved, in copper sections the structure is granular. The orientation of grains or dendrites in the sample components is related to the local features of the printing process and the direction of heat dissipation. These are related to the geometry of the printing zone during the formation of bimetallic samples, leading to qualitative differences in the structure, varying from fine-grained equiaxed to coarse-grained columnar. The mechanical properties of the copper and steel fragments in the studied samples are at a fairly high level, the strength parameters of the gradient zone have intermediate values.

The paper studies the regularities of structure formation in samples of titanium alloy Ti–4Al–3V obtained by additive wire-feed electron beam additive manufacturing and undergone to friction stir processing. The studies conducted show that during the processing there is an intensive interaction between the tool and the material, which leads to significant changes in the structure of the stir zone. The interaction between the nickel-base superalloy tool and the material is of an adhesive, mechanical, thermal and diffusion nature. Its characteristics determine the formation of the structure and material properties of the stir zone and, consequently, of the obtained parts. For this reason, in this study, the main defects and inhomogeneities formed in the stirred zone of the samples have been considered in comparison with the processes occurring in the area of contact between the tool and the material. The main changes in the structure of the titanium alloy Ti–4Al–3V after friction stir processing, caused by its interaction with the nickel tool, are formed in the areas of the stir zone with a composite structure with a high local volume fraction of intermetallic phases. During processing, the tool can be excessively penetrated in the material in such a way that it touches the substrate in the lower part of the plate. Even a slight penetration of the tool into the substrate leads to the penetration of steel particles into the stir zone due to the vertical flow of material in the stir zone. The described changes with the formation of a number of inhomogeneities and defects in the structure after processing lead to a decrease in the plasticity and strength of the samples in comparison with the material with a defect-free structure.

The results of a study of the deformation characteristics of the AK10M2N alloy without treatment and after the application of electron beam treatment are presented. The samples were susceptible to destruction during the stretching process. Quantitative data on the deformation of samples were obtained, deformation engineering and true curves of non-irradiated and irradiated samples were constructed. The dynamics of the average strength and yield strength, relative residual elongation and contraction at rupture, depending on the energy density of the electron beam and the pulse duration of the electron beam, are analyzed. The energy density of the electron beam and the pulse duration ranged from 10 to 50 J/cm² and from 50 to 200 microseconds. The most rational mode of electron beam processing has been identified, leading to an increase in the plastic and strength properties of the AK10M2N alloy. The effect of electron beam processing with an electron beam energy density of 50 J/cm² and an electron beam pulse duration of 200 microseconds on the deformation characteristics of the AK10M2N alloy has been established. The considered mode leads to an increase in the tensile strength (75 %) compared to the strength limit of the cast alloy. It is revealed that the value of the relative residual elongation and contraction at rupture increases after electron beam processing. The analysis of the deformation curves allowed us to identify the stages of deformation. At the second stage of deformation, areas with different angles of inclination (with different coefficients of deformation hardening) were identified. Speckle patterns were obtained in the process of stretching the samples. When studying speckle patterns, it was found that there is an increase in the size of local deformation foci in the central part of non-irradiated samples, which also confirms the effectiveness of electron beam processing.

The paper analyzes the factors influencing the uneven heating of metal in methodical furnaces. Special attention is paid to the study of the influence of the uneven rate of delivery of steel slabs and blanks from methodical heating furnaces on their thermal condition and losses with carbon monoxide. A previously developed deterministic mathematical model was used as a research tool to determine the dynamics of the thermal state and metal carbon monoxide during heating in methodical furnaces. To solve this problem, the model has been modernized, its functionality has been expanded in order to take into account the uneven movement of the heated metal in the furnace. It was found that with a relatively low effect of the uneven rate of discharge on the final thermal state of the slabs, carbon monoxide can change by 1.5 times, due to the influence of the temperature-time factor.

In the metallurgical industry, approximately 40 % of the energy spent on preparing raw materials for further processing is accounted for by crushing processes that are carried out on crushing machines. These processes are necessary to obtain pieces of raw materials of the required fraction for metallurgical processes. One of the main indicators of the crushing process is the crushing efficiency, which is determined by the mass of crushed material obtained by consuming a unit of electricity. Obviously, reducing energy consumption during crushing is an urgent problem, the solution of which increases the energy efficiency of the crushers. The minimum energy consumption required to destroy a brittle material will be if only tangential stresses are generated in the crushed piece. The tensile strength under their action is two times less than when normal stresses occur in a piece, all other things being equal (the same size and material). In order to reduce the energy consumption required for the destruction of brittle material, it is necessary to ensure the generation of exclusively tangential stresses in the crushed piece. A single-roll crusher has been designed at the Siberian State Industrial University, the design of the working bodies of which is capable of generating shear deformations in the initial destructible piece, in which only tangential stresses occur. This is due to the fact that during the operation of the crusher, the destruction of the processed material occurs due to forces acting on the crushed piece in the same plane towards each other. The conducted force analysis of the operation of a single-roll crusher operating on a shear showed that the condition for creating a flat stress state in the destroyed piece is fulfilled (only tangential stresses occur). Due to this, the energy consumption for crushing is reduced by about two times compared to jaw crushers that operate on compression.

The hardening of the surface of samples made of die steel 5KhNM by a combined method is considered, which consists of sequential thermal-chemical treatment (TCT) followed by modification of the resulting diffusion layer using pulsed electron beam processing using an electron source with a plasma cathode based on a low-pressure arc discharge. Electron beam processing was carried out in the SOLO experimental installation, which is included in the list of unique electrophysical installations in Russia. The results of local structural-phase transformation of diffusion boroaluminizing layers due to high-speed heating by an electron beam of millisecond duration are presented. A comparative analysis of the structure of the diffusion layer after thermal -chemical treatment and subsequent modification of the layer with a pulsed electron beam was carried out. Microhardness was studied, and the phase state of the diffusion layer was assessed before and after electron beam exposure. Electron beam treatment (EBT) of the diffusion layer leads to an increase in micro-hardness values, the maximum value of which reaches 1400 HV, and to a decrease in surface roughness values in the Ra parameter (up to seven times). After electron beam treatment of the diffusion layer, the Fe₂B phase and intermetallic phases FeAl, Fe₂AlCr, CrSi₂ are formed, which have high heat resistance, wear resistance and corrosion resistance.

The relevance of the work is due, on the one hand, to the need to solve the problem of subsidence of the earth's surface in areas of underground mining, and, on the other, to the placement of a significant amount of ash and slag waste from coal-fired thermal power plants and boiler houses, waste from the mining and metallurgical industries. This paper describes the operation of the laying complex at the Tashtagolsky mine of JSC EVRAZ ZSMK JSC. The typical composition of the filling mixture is presented, the most expensive components of which are cement from the Topkinsky cement plant and blast furnace granulated slag delivered from the metallurgical plant in Novokuznetsk. The conducted research has established the possibility of optimizing the composition of the filling mixture by replacing cement and granular slag with fly ash from the West Siberian thermal power plant. The preparation of the mixture was carried out in a laboratory rod mill with the selection of the grinding mode of the starting materials. In experiments, the required values of fineness (no more than 5 % of the residue on the sieve No. 0.14) and mobility of the filling mixture were achieved by adding water. The mobility of the mixture was determined on a Souttard device, a shaking table and a standard cone. A method for calculating an industrial rod mill to replace ball mills installed at the mine is presented. Samples of the hardening bookmark were prepared from the prepared in laboratory conditions. The results of studies of the hardening bookmark samples showed the necessary strength at a holding time in conditions simulating mining for more than 90 days (more than 4 MPa), while the density of the laying mixture was more than 2 g/cm3 when replacing 50 % with fly ash.

The analysis of the crystallographic texture of the bending surface of 3005 aluminum alloy sheets was carried out in both cold-rolled and annealed states during the process of 180° sheet bending. Textures with the greatest impact on sheet bending abilities were identified using the Pareto diagram. The study shows that annealing of aluminum alloy 3005 sheets with thicknesses of 0.25, 0.46, and 0.82 mm and total strain rates of 92.9, 88.5, and 85.1 % results in an almost twofold increase in the component without texture with a similar decrease in the volume fractions of other crystallographic textures. The author proposes a method for quantitative estimation of forging ability depending on the relief of the bending surface. Conditional forging ability points were determined for each type of relief. The maximum possible forging ability score of 10 points was the relief with a smooth surface at the bend, where there were no “orange peel” defects as well as cracks, and the minimum forging ability score of 0 points was the relief with through-cracks all over the bend. It was found that the decrease in thickness of the samples was producing a decrease in the forging ability score. In addition, it was found that heat treatment had a great influence on the forging ability: the forging ability for the samples 0.46 mm and 0.82 mm thick increased three times after annealing, and for the samples 0.25 mm thick, it increased two times.

Al ‒ 5Si alloy (4043), because of its good formability, high specific strength, and excellent corrosion resistance, is widely used in aerospace and automotive engineering. With the research and application of additive manufacturing technology such as wire/power laser additive manufacture, wire/power arc additive manufacture and so on. In this study, the Al ‒ 5Si alloys have been used as raw materials for additive manufacturing research and wire arc additive manufacturing system equipped with 3D path simulation software, arc heat source and robot controlling platform is adopted to fabricate Al ‒ 5Si alloy. The microstructure and mechanical properties of this Al ‒ 5Si alloys are investigated. The x-ray diffraction results reveal that the as-deposited alloy is composed of α-Al, Si phase and intermetallic phase Al₉Si. According to optical microscope observation, it is found that as the deposition height increases, the eutectic Si phase is significantly coarsened and the columnar grains are gradually refining and transforming into finer equiaxed grains, and the grain size of the microstructure of the inter-layer regions is smaller than that of the inner-layer regions at any height. The average micro-hardness presents 47.5 ± 3.4 Hv, and the strength properties present only 1.6 – 5.0 MPa difference in ultimate tensile strength, 2.4 – 5.9MPa difference in yield strength and 0.1 – 1.1 % difference in elongation between tensile samples cut from different locations. It further indicates the better stability of wire arc additive manufacturing samples, and it is a better manufacturing method to fabricate metal parts.

The processes and mechanisms of forming the metallurgical quality of grinding balls and their operational characteristics have been studied depending on the parameters of the production of specialized steels in the conditions of oxygen converter production of JSC EVRAZ United West Siberian Metallurgical Combine. The main reasons for the unsatisfactory impact resistance of grinding balls made of steel grades Sh2.1 and Sh2.3 are the presence of defects of steelmaking origin (floccules, accumulations of non-metallic inclusions, internal discontinuities (pores) and developed chemical heterogeneity). It was determined that a great influence on increasing the impact resistance of grinding balls is exerted by a decrease in the oxygen content in the metal at the outlet into the bucket, a decrease in the sulfur and hydrogen content in the steel after bucket treatment, as well as an increase in the duration of steel purging with inert gas during out-of-furnace treatment on the bucket-furnace unit. The total relative degree of influence of the grinding balls considered for rejection during impact resistance tests is 73 %. Based on the obtained patterns for the conditions of the enterprise under consideration, recommendations have been developed to improve the technological modes of smelting and out-of-furnace processing of steels for the production of grinding balls, the use of which in practice has confirmed their effectiveness. A decrease in the rejection of grinding balls from steel grades Sh2.1 and Sh2.3 during drilling tests was recorded by an average of 3 % due to a decrease in defect formation in the initial continuously cast billets.

A study of metal samples from exploited and damaged sections of steam pipelines made of 0.12С-1Сr-1Mo-1V steel after deformation to the formation of zones of stable localization of deformations by the method of electron microscopy was carried out. Specimens without exploitation, after exploitation, but not damaged, and specimens after exploitation before destruction were investigated. As a result of the studies carried out for each sample, the phase composition was determined (qualitatively and quantitatively), and the following parameters of the fine structure were calculated: volume fractions of structural components of steel, scalar r and excess r_± dislocation density, curvature-torsion of the crystal lattice c, amplitude of internal stresses (shear stress and long-range stresses). All quantitative parameters of the fine structure are determined both in each structural component of steel, and in general for each sample. The structure of the metal of all specimens after deformation before the formation of zones of stable localization of deformations consists of a ferrite-pearlite mixture, and for specimens after operation before fracture only of unfragmented and fragmented ferrite. Ferrite, which occupies the bulk of the material, is present both unfragmented and fragmented. For all samples, the ratios r ≥ r_±, c = c_pl, s_L ≥ sd were calculated, which indicate whether there is a danger of the initiation of microcracks in metal samples. For specimens without operation and after operation without damage in zones of stable localization of deformations, these conditions are met, and for specimens after operation until destruction they are not met.

Technological and mineralogical studies of the iron ore concentrate of wet magnetic separation were performed before, during and after prophylaxis with calcined limestone. It is shown that the water in the composition of the prophylactic concentrate has a complex heterogeneous solution in which Ca²⁺, (OH)^–, H⁺ ions are present, as well as colloidal dispersed particles of CaO, Ca(OH)₂, Fe₂O₄ and other minerals. It has been established that the mineral particles of the prophylactic concentrate form locally oriented aggregates among themselves, and the water becomes structured during prophylaxis. Differential thermal analyses of wet magnetic separation concentrate with the addition of different amounts of lime (from 4 to 14 %). It has been established that the evaporation of water in the concentrate begins from the twenty-fourth minute after the addition of lime and is accompanied by a large amount of heat. At the same time, the speed and temperature of the water evaporation process depends on the amount of lime introduced into the wet concentrate. The conducted studies allowed us to establish that during the prophylaxis of the concentrate, moisture evaporation proceeds more intensively in the first four hours and, depending on the mass of the burnt limestone added, the moisture content of the concentrate decreases by 0.3 – 1.0 %. It was found that a further decrease in moisture in the concentrate occurs due to the latent heat of crystallization and mineral formation. It has been experimentally established that the complete natural drying of the concentrate in the warm season lasts about 160 ‒ 250 hours (at a temperature of 20 °C).

The article shows the importance of innovative activity of enterprises in the development of the economy and society of Uzbekistan, increasing the competitiveness of enterprises. Based on the study of the features of innovative activity of enterprises in various countries of the world, the problems of introducing new technologies at innovation-oriented enterprises are identified. The results of the study of the regulatory framework, methods and strategies for the introduction of new technologies at the enterprises of the Uzbekistan’s energy industry are presented. It is shown that among the most common approaches to innovation in Uzbekistan, the use of modern management methods, the formation of an innovative culture and partnerships with scientific and research organizations are highlighted. The analysis of the introduction of new technologies at the innovation-oriented enterprise "Branch of JSC NES of Uzbekistan Ferghana Backbone Networks" was carried out, the effectiveness of the introduction of new technologies at the enterprise was evaluated and the factors contributing to or hindering the successful introduction of innovations in JSC NES were identified. The authors demonstrate that the introduction of new technologies at the enterprise under study will allow achieving a number of significant advantages. First of all, it helps to increase the productivity and efficiency of the enterprise, reduce the time to complete tasks and reduce production costs, improve the quality of products or services provided, which helps to increase customer satisfaction and strengthen the competitive position of the enterprise in the market. It is also noted that the introduction of new technologies into the system of the company's activities contributes to reducing the negative impact on the environment. The use of modern environmentally friendly technologies makes it possible to reduce emissions of harmful substances, optimize the use of energy and resources, and carry out efficient waste processing. Thus, the company not only improves its environmental reputation, but also makes a significant contribution to the sustainable development and environmental safety of the region.

The labor market of the Kyrgyz Republic is currently characterized by instability and excess labor in the regions, high unemployment rates and a shortage of qualified labor. The labor market situation has been aggravated by the economic crisis as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Under these conditions, we consider it necessary to study the problems of employment, unemployment and labor market development, as well as ways to solve them. The purpose of the article is to identify the main problems in the development of the labor market of the Kyrgyz Republic based on an analysis of trends in its main indicators.  The article analyzes the dynamics of the development of the labor market of the Kyrgyz Republic and explores the potential for its development using a systematic approach. The study used general and special methods of economic science: analysis and synthesis, logical generalization, dynamic analysis, graphical method, etc. Based on the results of the study, problems of labor market development were identified, including an increase in the unemployment rate and the number of unemployed, an increase in the imbalance between labor supply and demand, a lack of information on the real scale of labor migration, insufficient measures to increase employment, etc. Based on an analysis of best practices in the field of increasing employment and reducing unemployment, it was proposed: to organize services to promote employment on an ongoing basis; implement an active employment policy; to form a system of high-quality professional education and training of competent personnel; introduce digital technologies into the sphere of employment.

Today enterprises face a great number of difficulties and uncertainties. Competitiveness becomes a key concept for maintaining position on the market and development of the organization. To increase its competitiveness company needs to modernize, innovate as well as periodically update, expand the range and improve the quality of its products and services. Priority growth area of the company's development is investing in its own production. In this paper, the authors give the economic justification of the investment project for the construction of a workshop for the repair of fuel equipment at the motor transport company LLC Avtokolonna 2015. This organization provides services for the provision of quarry dump trucks used for transporting rock mass in the technological process, mainly it is a contractor for open-pit mining operations on the territory of LLC Resurs. The plans include repairs of fuel equipment for BelAZ, CATerpillar and Terax dump trucks. The priority is to provide repair services to enterprises of their own business, companies belonging to the association Avtokolonna 2015 LLC, which currently has 19 organizations. These enterprises are associated with open-pit mining and quarrying equipment. At the same time, entering the foreign market provides additional prospects for development and improvement of the financial and economic indicators of the organization. The volume of capital investments in the project is about 5.6 million rubles. Taking into account the provision of fuel equipment repair shop services to third-party organizations, the net profit for the project is expected to be 1.69 million rubles, the profitability of the project is 30.2 %, and the discounted payback period is 4.5 years.