The paper studies the dynamics of deformation characteristics of technically pure C2 lead under the influence of a constant magnetic field with magnetic induction of 0.4 T. Mechanical creep tests were performed, the microhardness of lead samples was measured in the initial state (without the influence of a magnetic field) and under the influence of external magnetic field. Based on the experimental results, creep deformation curves and the dependence of microhardness on the exposure time in a magnetic field are constructed. The stages of creep are determined. A linear stage was identified, at the site of which the creep rate of lead was calculated before and after the application of an external magnetic field. Quantitative changes in the studied characteristics were established. Under the influence of the magnetic field, there was a significant decrease in the creep rate. The relative residual elongation of samples destroyed during creep under the influence of a magnetic field decreased. The initial effect of the influence of a magnetic field with an induction of 0.4 T on the lead microhardness is investigated: the microhardness of the studied samples increases. An increase in the holding time in the magnetic field does not lead to significant changes in the lead microhardness.  The maximum magnification is achieved after holding in the magnetic field for 1 hour. The correlation of changes in the creep rate and changes in the microhardness of the material exposed to a magnetic field with magnetic induction of 0.4 T was revealed.

The formation of micro- and nanostructures in titanium alloys subjected to combined treatment, including exposure to heterogeneous plasma flows and subsequent modification of the surface layer by a low-energy high-current electron beam, was studied. It is established that the main mechanism for the formation of structural-phase states of the micro and nanoscale range under the influence of plasma flows created by an electric explosion of conductors is the joint manifestation of Kelvin-Helmholtz and Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities at the interface of the media. It is shown that the maximum growth rate of disturbances with acceleration of the second layer g = 5 ×10⁹ m/s² and a transverse velocity of 0 m/s falls on the wavelength λ_m = 6.76 µm. If the velocity value of the second layer is u₀ = 10 m/s, then λ_m = 6.23 µm, and at u₀ = 50 m/s ‒ λ_m = 1.24 μm. The mechanism of formation of micro- and nanostructures during subsequent electron beam processing is a combined thermo-evaporative, concentration-capillary and thermoelectric instability. It is shown that if the influence of the concentration gradient, thermoelectric and evaporative effects is not taken into account, the maximum value of the growth rate will be observed at a wavelength of 113 µm. Taking into account thermoelectric phenomenon leads to a decrease in the value of λ_m to 48 μm. It is established that at the value of the thermoelectric coefficient γ = 0.1 V/K, the maximum growth rate is observed at λ_m = 300 nm.

. Fundamental differences in the understanding of the mechanism and values of the energy of activation of migration form a request for new studies of this scientific problem through clearly certified grain boundaries. The molecular dynamics method was used to analyze the dynamics of the atomic mechanism of migration of small-angle boundaries <100> and <111>, which showed that paired grain-boundary dislocations split during the boundary movement with the change of partner dislocations. The migration of small-angle slope boundaries <100> is realized by splitting and changing partner dislocations, as a result of the operation of this mechanism of displacement of atoms, a grid with square cells is formed. In the case of border migration <111>, there is also a mechanism of joint sliding of paired grain-boundary dislocations. Paired dislocations of boundaries <111>, unlike grain-boundary dislocations of boundaries <100>, have common sliding planes along which they can slide with a relatively low activation energy. During the migration of borders <111>, the combined action of both mechanisms was recorded: the joint sliding of paired grain-boundary dislocations and their splitting with the change of partner dislocations. In the process of migration, symmetrical sections are formed in the grain where the border was moving, which, by turning, "adjust" to the structure of another grain. Therefore, when migrating boundaries <111>, the cells of the atomic displacement grid have a hexagonal shape.

In this study, tungsten inert gas (TIG) and microwave hybrid heating (MHH) cladding techniques are used to develop thick nickel-based alloy clad layers of 1mm thickness on a titanium 31 alloy substrate. In TIG cladding consider current was considered as a process variable, whereas in MHH cladding, exposure time was considered as the process variable. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) is used to analyze the morphology of both clad layers. The Vickers indentation method is used to determine the hardness values of the clads. The result revealed that the process current in TIG and the exposure time in MHH cladding have a significant effect on the clad layer quality. The average hardness of the TIG clad layer was found to be 1.6 times greater than the MHH processed clad layer. The XRD analysis confirmed the presence of intermetallic phases Ni4W, TiNi, and TiC. The phases TiNi and TiC are responsible for metallurgical bonding in the clad layer.

To develop technologies for obtaining electrocorundum by spark plasma sintering of aluminum waste dispersed by electroerosion and to evaluate the effectiveness of their practical application, comprehensive theoretical and experimental studies are required. The purpose of this work was the grain size of electrocorundum sintered from dispersed aluminum waste of the AD0E brand. Electrodispersion of aluminum waste of the AD0E brand was carried out in distilled water at the original installation with a capacity of 65.5 UF discharge capacitors, a voltage at the electrodes of 200 V, a pulse repetition frequency of 200 Hz. As a result of exposure to short-term electrical discharges, particles of electroerosive powder of various sizes were formed in the water. Further, the fusion of the electroerosion charge was carried out in the spark plasma fusion system SPS 25-10 "Thermal Technology" (USA) at a pressure of 30 MPa, a temperature of 560 °C and a holding time of 3 minutes. Analysis of the microstructure of sintered electrocorundum showed that it has a fine-grained structure, without inclusions, uniform phase distribution and the absence of significant pores, cracks and discontinuities. The grain size of the studied alloys, determined using the SIMAGIS Photolab automated image analysis system and the OLYMPUS GX51 optical inverted microscope, was about 0.45 microns. The small grain size of the resulting electrocorundum is associated with the high dispersion of the initial electroerosion charge and the effect of "grain growth suppression" during spark plasma fusion due to the short working cycle time, high pressure and uniform heat distribution over the sample when exposed to pulsed electric current and the so-called "spark discharge plasma effect". The conducted studies will allow to perform resource conservation and import substitution in the production of electrocorundum from aluminum waste of the AD0E brand.

The paper discusses the structure of a convolutional neural network and the mathematical methods used to calculate its values. The main components of the network that affect the result are given: convolutional layers with a mask as the basis of the data network, a core for reading the data network, steps and additions for adjusting the reading accuracy, subsampling layers for generalizing data. The history of the development of convolutional neural networks with examples of their architecture and parameters used is shown on the example of networks LeNet, AlexNet, VGG and ResNet. A comparison of the accuracy of pattern recognition for different architectures is shown. The concept of transfer learning is described.

The lead-based alloy has a high thermal conductivity and meets the requirements for shock loads imposed by consumers. Some lead-based alloy products have a uniform granular structure, so they can be used at high loads at low constant speeds. The most important physical characteristics of a lead alloy are the heat capacity and thermodynamic functions. The thermodynamic and thermophysical properties of lead and its alloys are the subject of numerous experimental and theoretical studies. Available experimental data include measurements of heat capacity, enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs energy at normal pressure in the temperature range of 298.15 – 550 K. In the present work, the specific heat capacity and thermodynamic functions of the lead-antimony alloy CCu3 doped with zinc were determined in the "cooling" mode by the known heat capacity of the reference sample made of lead grade C00. By working out the curves of the cooling rates of samples from the alloy SSu3 with zinc and the reference, polynomials describing their cooling rates were obtained. Using the cooling rate of the studied samples and the standard and their mass, the specific heat capacity of the lead-antimony alloy CCu3 with zinc was calculated depending on the temperature. It is shown that with increasing temperature and zinc content, the heat capacity, enthalpy and entropy of alloys increase, and the Gibbs energy value decreases. With an increase in the zinc content, the heat capacity and Gibbs energy of the alloys increase. Zinc additives have a negligible effect on changes in the enthalpy and entropy of the CCu3 alloy.

Chemical-thermal treatment in general and borating in particular are highly effective ways to increase the service life of working bodies and machine parts, as well as tools. At the same time, it is necessary to select possible grades of steels, which are preferably subjected to boriding, depending on the goal. To solve practical problems in order to control the quality of a boride diffusion coating, there is a need to determine the strength and morphological characteristics of the boride layer and its phase composition. Since the high-boride FeB phase has low performance characteristics (high brittleness, creates tensile stresses on the surface, leading to cracking and spalling in the boride layer), in most cases the content of the FeB phase in the coating is limited to an upper limit of no more than 10–15 % of the thickness of the boride layer. Determination of the phase composition of boride layers is preferably carried out by electron microscopy methods, however, under production conditions, this is a laborious task. One of the options for analyzing the structure and morphology of the results obtained is the visualization of the phase composition of boride diffusion layers using "color etching'' with the possibility of assessing the structural-phase state using optical microscopy. It is shown that the electrolytic etching method proposed in this work in a saturated aqueous solution of alkaline sodium picrate makes it possible to obtain high-contrast images of the microstructure of the boride layer, which can subsequently be automatically processed in modern software systems for metallographic analysis in order to qualitative and quantitative assessment of the structural-phase state. Compared to the chemical methods of "color etching", the electrochemical etching method does not require highly skilled personnel and can be used in a production laboratory.

The paper presents the results of studies of the formation of defects and inhomogeneities in composites with a metal matrix and bimetallic products based on dissimilar metals and alloys when obtained by wire additive electron-beam technology. The main defects in the production of composites and bimetallic elements are pores, micro- and macro-cracks, as well as stratifications of different types. From the inhomogeneities of the structure, it is mainly possible to distinguish the resulting agglomerates of powder particles introduced simultaneously with the wire feed, large fragments of different components of the structure and the resulting large intermetallic structures. These structural elements can have a negative influence on the strength properties of materials, cause a sharp drop in mechanical properties. The main reasons for the formation of defects of different types are non-compliance with the optimal values of the process parameters, excess of the optimal concentration of components, significant differences in the density and melting temperature of the structural components. Despite the presence of defects, the modification of the process of feeding the material into the printing zone makes it possible to achieve a relatively homogeneous structure of different composite materials and high values of mechanical properties.

The article presents the results of studies of the VK10KS hard alloy after two-component electroexplosive treatment (EVL) with synthetic diamonds. Aluminum was used as the exploding conductor. The choice of aluminum is based on the experimental data of a number of researchers who note that in order to increase the strength properties of hard alloys at elevated temperatures, it is necessary that particles with a size of hundredths of a micron of ultrafine α-Al₂O₃ be present in the cobalt binder. Thus, the addition of aluminum to the bond significantly increases the hardness, wear resistance and bending strength. The essence of the EVL is the accumulation of energy by a battery of impulse capacitors up to 10 kJ and its subsequent discharge for 100 μs through a conductor that experiences explosive destruction. In this case, the treated surface is heated and saturated with explosion products, followed by self-hardening due to heat removal to the environment and deep into the material. To increase the hardening effect, a powder sample of synthetic diamond powder AC2 weighing 60 mg was additionally added to the explosion area. It was experimentally revealed that alloying the surface of the VK10KS hard alloy with the products of aluminum electric explosion with a sample of diamond powder did not lead to the formation of a hardened diamond-type layer. During processing, the diamond powder trans-formed into graphite. Despite the fact that the diamond layer was not formed, surface hardening of the VK10KS hard alloy occurred after the electric explosion of diamond powder with aluminum as a conductor. The thickness of the hardened surface layer is about 15 µm with a nanohardness of 24000 MPa, which is 2 times higher compared to the initial state. The increase in hardness is associated with the refinement of phases in the surface layer and the formation of W₂C and α-Al₂O₃ type carbides. The surface roughness of machined carbide inserts does not exceed the values corresponding to the technical requirements.The study of the cobalt binder in the heat-affected zone after two-component EVL found that the cobalt binder is additionally alloyed with tungsten, carbon, aluminum, which are part of the explosive materials and the base. Additional alloying of the cobalt binder will lead to its hardening, which will positively affect the service life of tungsten carbide hard alloys in general.

Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a solid-state welding technique that differs from the fusion welding methods as the melting of the materials to be joined does not take place. Moreover the absence of harmful fumes or toxic gases during FSW makes it an environmentally friendly process. The FSW process can produce high-quality welds and uses considerably less energy than any other arc welding process. Recent advancements have made it possible to use FSW to join polymers, and the resulting welds have demonstrated good mechanical properties. Moreover, FSW poses no health risks to welders, while prolonged exposure to an arc welding environment can be harmful to their health. In summary, this review article discusses the capabilities and quality of the FSW process, highlighting its advantages over traditional arc welding methods.

By methods of optical, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, studies have been carried out to establish the influence of Al, Si and Mg on the formation and change of the structure, phase composition and distribution of elements of Cu–Al alloys obtained by wire-arc additive manufacturing with cold metal transfer, and after their heat treatment. The main factors determining the mechanical behavior of Cu-Al alloys after the addition of Si and Mg and their heat treatment are determined and analyzed. It is shown that the increased strength and hardness of the Cu-Al alloy is explained by grain grinding and the formation of particles of the second phases between the layers of the deposited metal. The features of the distribution of the main elements (Cu, Al) and secondary elements (Si, Mg) in the process of wire-arc additive manufacturing are revealed. Recently, studies of the Cu-Al alloy have been carried out, which have shown that Al as a solid solution element in the Cu-Al alloy can increase the formation of deformation twins and the density of dislocations. In addition, it was found that the addition of micro-alloying elements to the Cu–Al alloy significantly improves its mechanical properties. The kinetics of the growth of intermetallic compounds such as CuAl₂, Cu₉Al₄, Cu₃Al in Cu–Al casting alloys has been studied. As a result of the complex of technological measures, the modes of obtaining additive billets of Si–Al, Cu–Al–Si and Cu–Al–Si–Mg alloys were selected. Technological equipment has been improved to obtain blanks as part of the work. The microstructure, phase composition and mechanical properties of Si–Al, Cu–Al–Si and Cu–Al–Si–Mg alloys obtained by wire-arc additive manufacturing using cold metal transfer technology are investigated.

Metallographic studies are required to expand the scope of practical application of powder materials obtained from waste of the ZhS6U alloy. The purpose of this work was to study the porosity of a heat-resistant alloy produced by spark plasma sintering of nickel powder obtained by electrodispersing the LC6U alloy in water. The work is based on the task of obtaining a heat-resistant nickel alloy with improved physical and mechanical properties and low cost. The alloy under study is obtained by spark plasma sputtering of nickel powders obtained by electroerosive dispersion of waste of the alloy ZhS6U in distilled water. The waste of heat-resistant alloy of the brand ZhS6U was used in the work, which was crushed by the method of electroerosive dispersion in distilled water at the original installation. Parameters of the installation during the disposal of waste ZhS6U: voltage at the electrodes 190–210 V; capacitance of the condenses 55–60 UF; pulse repetition frequency 180–200 Hz. As a result of local exposure to short-term electrical discharges between the electrodes, the alloy waste was destroyed with the formation of heat-resistant nickel powder particles. Sintering of heat-resistant nickel powder was carried out in the SPS 25-10 "Thermal Technology" system (USA) at a temperature of 1300 °C, a pressure of 40 MPa and a holding time of 10 min. It has been experimentally established that new heat-resistant alloys produced by spark plasma sintering of an electroerosive charge have a porosity of about 0.52 %. The practically nonporous structure of heat-resistant alloys is explained by the presence of particles of different fractions in the electroerosion charge, which ensures tight packing and the so-called "spark discharge plasma effect" during spark plasma fusion.

The article shows that modern approaches to the management of production strategy at industrial enterprises should meet modern realities. The author's approach is presented, which includes consistent target elements of the production strategy, the stages of medium– and long-term plans are structured and justified, which makes it possible to improve the production strategy, and the authors proposes and justifies a new indicator - the production productivity index, which will help the industrial enterprises of the region to evaluate and plan their activities more effectively. Comparing the goals of a balanced scorecard with current and planned initiatives is becoming an important way to focus and align all structural divisions of an industrial enterprise. The production strategy of industrial enterprises is considered from the point of view of expediency and efficiency of using their own resources within the business environment to achieve their goals. The basis of this approach is the analysis of the production strategy, which includes four components that provide a competitive advantage: the goals and values of an industrial enterprise; resources and capabilities; structure and organizational abilities; competitive advantage in the industry environment. The authors propose a toolkit for improving the competitiveness of industrial enterprises, in which the performance indicators recorded in the strategic map of an industrial enterprise are used to calculate the index of industrial competence and the index of business activity. This approach makes it possible to build production more efficiently, taking into account competitive priorities, advanced production technologies, integrated information systems, innovative production processes, the implementation of which ensures the achievement of results.

The problem of sustainable development is becoming more and more urgent and paramount, it carries the basis of all economic policy. In 1987, the Chairman of the International Commission on Environment and Development for the first time identified a type of development that takes into account not only the interests of the social sphere, but also the environment (ecology). The concept of sustainable development was a response of the stakeholders of large enterprises to the increasing environmental problems against the background of economic growth and an attempt to solve the problem of forming a new model of human civilization development. The main task of sustainable development is to satisfy human needs and aspirations, to ensure the development of the present generation without prejudice to the interests of the future. To date, there has not been a single interpretation of sustainable development as a specific term. Foreign and Russian researchers in each of their work find different relationships and factors of influence, with the help of which it would be possible to determine a universal interpretation of sustainable development for widespread use. In the study of various approaches to the definition of sustainable development of enterprises, it was found that this concept must be considered from the point of view of efficiency for all functional areas of its activities, while taking into account the interests of society, the economy and the environment as a whole. Special attention is paid to the sustainable development of the mining industry (a large-scale branch of the world economy). The specific features of the mining company's production activities determine the importance of following the Concept of the Transition of the Russian Federation to Sustainable Development. Based on the reflected principles of sustainable development of the mining enterprise, the main parameters and characteristics necessary to clarify the definition of sustainable development of the enterprise of the relevant industry were identified. The results of the study expand and supplement the known knowledge about theoretical approaches to the definition of the category under study.