MODERN ASPECTS OF STUDYING THE EFFECT OF EXTERNAL MAGNETIC FIELDS ON THE DEFORMATION CHARACTERISTICS OF METALLIC MATERIALS

A analysis of the effect of constant and pulsed magnetic fields of varying intensity on the deformation characteristics of metallic materials, mainly para- and diamagnets, has been carried out. It was found that exposure of samples in magnetic fields with an induction of 0.1 – 0.5 T leads to a redistribution of alloying atoms, a weakening of the bond of dislocations with point and extended defects of the crystal lattice, which causes a decrease in the microhardness of materials by 15 ‒ 25 % compared with the initial state. In the region of weak fields (10 ‒ 50 MT), a pronounced nonlinear dependence of the yield strength and relative elongation on the magnitude of induction was found, which indicates the high sensitivity of the macroplastic properties of metals to small values of magnetic action. For the Al – Zn – Mg – Cu alloy, treatment at a field of 1 Tl and in the temperature range of 110 ‒ 140 °C reduces the critical shear stress by 10 ‒ 15 % and intensifies the nucleation process of the n' phase, which is associated with a decrease in interfacial energy and activation of structural and kinetic processes. In the Ti – 6Al – 4V titanium alloy, the action of the 2 Tl field contributes to an increase in dislocation density by up to 60 %, an increase in microhardness by 8 % and elongation by up to 13 %, which is explained by the participation of spin-dependent transitions in plastic deformation mechanisms. The action of pulsed magnetic fields stimulates subgranular fragmentation and significant grain crushing, leading to an increase in the ductility of alloys up to 25 %.

1. Barman A., Mondal S., Sahoo S., De A. Magnetization Dynamics of Nanoscale Magnetic Materials: A Perspective. Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics. 2020. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2008.05819

2. Tapash Chakraborty. Spin-orbit interaction based spintronics. Encyclopedia of Condensed Matter Physics (Second Edition). 2024:193‒204. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90800-9.00093-7

3. Alshits, V., Kotowski, R., Tronczyk, P. Mag-netoplastic Effect in Nonmagnetic Materials. Experimental Studies and Computer Simula-tions. The International Conference on Computational & Experimental Engineering and Sciences. 2008;6(4):207‒214.

4. https://doi.org/10.3970/icces.2008.006.207

5. Покоев А., Осинская Ю., Шахбанова С., Ямщикова К. Магнитопластический эффект в алюминиевых сплавах. Известия Российской академии наук. Серия физическая. 2018;82:961‒964.

6. Pokoev A., Osinskaya J. Manifestation of Magnetoplastic Effect in Some Metallic Al-loys. Defect and Diffusion Forum. 2018;383:180‒184.

7. Li G.-R., Wang H., Li P.-S., Gao L.-Z., Peng C.-X., Zheng, R. Mechanism of dislocation kinetics under magnetoplastic effect. Acta Physica Sinica. 2015; 64(14):148102.

8. Zhang X., Zhao Q., Wang Zh., Cai Zh., Pan J. A study on the room-temperature magnetoplastic effect of silicon and its mechanism. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. 2021;33:435702.

9. Smirnov N. To the Explanation of the Magnetoplastic Effect in Diamagnetic and Paramagnetic Solids. Moscow University Physics Bulletin. 2019;74:453‒458.

10. Skvortsov A.A., Pshonkin D.E., Luk’yanov M.N., Rybakova M.R. Influence of permanent magnetic fields on creep and microhardness of iron-containing aluminum alloy. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2019;8(3):2481‒2485.

11. Sánchez-Alarcos V., Recarte V., Pérez-Landazábal J.I., Gómez-Polo C., Rodríguez -Velamazán J.A. Role of magnetism on the martensitic transformation in Ni–Mn-based magnetic shape memory alloys. Acta Materi-alia. 2012;60(2):459‒468.

12. Luo J., Luo H., Liu C., Zhao T., Wang R., Ma Y. Effect of magnetic field on precipitation kinetics of an ultrafine grained Al – Zn – Mg – Cu alloy. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2020;798:139990.

13. Li G.R., Wang F.F., Wang H.M., Cheng J.F. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of TC4 Titanium Alloy Subjected to High Static Magnetic Field. Materials Science Forum. 2017;898:345‒354.

14. Li G.R., Li Y.M., Wang F.F., Wang H.M. Microstructure and performance of solid TC4 titanium alloy subjected to the high pulsed magnetic field treatment. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2015; 644:750‒756.

15. Li G.R., Qin T., Fei A.G., Wang H.M., Zhao Y.T., Chen G., Kai X.Z. Performance and microstructure of TC4 titanium alloy subjected to deep cryogenic treatment and magnetic field. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2019;802:50‒69.

16. Guo P., Zhao Y., Zeng W., Hong Q. The effect of microstructure on the mechanical properties of TC4 ‒ DT titanium alloys. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2013;563:106‒111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.11.033

17. Liu, Z. L., Hu, H. Y., Fan, T. Y. Dislocation mechanism of magnetoplasticity. Beijing Li-gong Daxue Xuebao/Transaction of Beijing Institute of Technology. 2007;27(2):113‒115.

18. Seidametov S.V., Loskutov S.V., Shchetinina M.O. Magnetoplastic effect in kinetic indentation testing conditions. Metallofizika i noveishie tekhnologii. 2015:37(5):615‒624. (In Russ.).

19. Seidametov S.V. Loskutov S.V. Influence of pulsed electromagnetic treatment on structural rearrangements of titanium alloy VT3. Zhurnal fiziki i inzhenerii poverkhnosti. 2016;1(1):4‒8. (In Russ.).

20. Zhang L., Li W., Yao J.P., Qiu H. Effects of pulsed magnetic field on microstructures and morphology of the primary phase in semisolid A356 Al slurry. Materials Letters. 2012;66(1):190‒92.

21. Cheng J., Li G., Wang H., Li P., Li C. Influence of High Pulsed Magnetic Field on the Dislocations and Mechanical Properties of Al2O3/Al Composites. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 2018;27:1083‒1092.

22. Fu J.W., Yang Y.S. Microstructure and me-chanical properties of Mg – Al – Zn alloy under a low-voltage pulsed magneticfield. Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China. Materials Letters. 2012;67:252–255.

23. Zhang L., Zhou W., Hu P.H., Zhou Q. Microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of Mg-Zn-Y alloy containing icosahedral quasicrystals phase treated by pulsed magnetic field. Journal of Alloys and Compounds.2016;688:868‒874.

24. Li Y.J., Tao W.Z., Yang Y.S. Grain refinement of Al–Cu alloy in low voltage pulsed magnetic field. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2012;212:903‒909.

25. Ainsworth R.A. Creep Cracking. Comprehensive Structural Integrity. 2007;10:75‒87. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008043749-1/00326-7

26. Morgunov R.B., Valeev R.A., Skvortsov A.A., Korolev D.V., Piskorskii V.P., Kunitsyna E.I., Kucheryaev V.V., Koplak O.V. Magnetoplastic and magnetomechanical effects in aluminum alloys with magnetostrictive microin-clusions. Trudy VIAM. 2019;10:3‒13. (In Russ.).

27. Alshits V.I., Darinskaya E.V., Koldaeva M.V., Petrzhik E.A. Chapter 86 - Magnetoplastic Effect in Nonmagnetic Crystals, Editor(s): J.P. Hirth, Dislocations in Solids, Elsevier. 2008;14:333‒437.

28. Blum W. Creep of crystalline materials: experimental basis, mechanisms and models. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2001. 398(1):108‒112.

29. Galligan J.M. et al. Dislocation drag processes. Materials Science and Engineering A287. 2000. 287(2):259‒264

30. Tang G. et al. Effect of a pulsed magnetic treatment on the dislocation substructure of a commercial high strength steel. Materials Science and Engineering A 398. 2005.398(1):108‒112

31. Shlyarov V.V., Zagulyaev D.V. The influence of magnetic fields on the plastic deformation of non-ferrous metals. Fundamental'nye problemy sovremennogo materialovedeniya. 201;16(3):394‒398. (In Russ.).

32. Zagulyaev D.V., Shlyarov V.V., Serebryakova A.A., Gromov V.E., Pere-gudov O.A. The effect of permanent magnetic fields on the deformation behavior of non-ferrous metals. Novokuznetsk: Poligrafist, 2024:155. (In Russ.).

33. Serebryakova A.A., Zaguliaev D.V., Shlyarov V.V., Gromov V.E., Aksenova K.V. A Study of the Microhardness and Plasticity Parameter of Lead in External Magnetic Fields with an Induction of up to 0.5 T. Technical Physics. 2024. 2023;132(4):52–58.

34. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063784224700488

35. Shlyarov V.V., Zagulyaev D.V., Serebryakova A.A. Analysis of changes in micro-hardness, creep rate, and fracture surface morphology of VT1-0 titanium deformed under conditions of a constant magnetic field of 0.3 T. Frontier Materials and Technology. 2022;(1):91–100. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.18323/2782-4039-2022-1-91-100

36. Shlyarov V.V., Serebryakova A.A., Aksenova K.V., Zagulyaev D.V. The effect of a constant magnetic field on the fatigue life of diamagnets: the role of the Zeeman effect in the fatigue strength of non-ferrous metals. Izvestiya vuzov. Povolzhskii region. Fiziko-matematicheskie nauki. 2025;(3):66‒80. (In Russ.).

37. Safran S.A. Statistical Thermodynamics of Surfaces. Interfaces and Membranes, 1995. 78(3-4):1175‒1177.

38. Misra P.K. Chapter 12 ‒ Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism. Physics of Condensed Matter. 2012:369‒407. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-384954-0.00012-8

39. Ramazashvili R. Zeeman spin-orbit coupling in antiferromagnetic conductors. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids. 2019;128:65‒74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2018.09.033

40. Winkler R. Spin-orbit coupling in solids. Encyclopedia of Condensed Matter Physics (Second Edition). 2024;2:186‒192.

41. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90800-9.00251-1

42. Morgunov R.B. Spin-dependent reactions, magnetic resonance, and magnetic isotope effect in crystal plasticity. Russ Chem Bull. 2025;74:2599‒2607. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11172-025-4743-y

43. Pokoev A.V. Manifestation of magnetoplastic effect in some metallic alloys. Defect and Diffusion Forum. 2018;383:180‒186. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/DDF.383.180

44. Luo J. et al. Effect of magnetic field on dislocation morphology and precipitation in ultrafine-grained 7075 Al alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2021;872:159741.

45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2021.03.016

46. Bagryansky V.A. Interaction of spin-correlated radical pair with a third radical. Journal of Physical Chemistry. 2019;123(45):28123‒28130. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5127812

47. Gerhards L. Modeling spin relaxation in complex radical systems. Journal of Computational Chemistry. 2023;44(7):1234‒1246.

48. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcc.27120

49. Alshits V., Kotowski R., Tronczyk P. Magnetoplastic Effect in Nonmagnetic Materials: Experimental Studies and Computer Simulations. The International Conference on Computational & Experimental Engineering and Sciences. 2008;6(4):207‒214.

50. https://doi.org/10.3970/icces.2008.006.207

51. Rather S.R., Weingartz N.P., Kromer S. et al. Spin-vibronic coherence drives singlet-triplet conversion. 2023;620:776–781.

52. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06233-y

53. Alshits V.I. Effects of magnetic fields on the dislocation unlocking from paramagnetic centers. Physica Status Solidi B. 1993;175(1):11‒20. https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-5093(93)90686-9

54. Malashenko B. Effect of a magnetic field on the dynamics of dislocations in normal metals with a high impurity concentration at low temperatures. Low Temperature Physics. 2008;34. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2973718

55. Gudala S., Shlyarov V., Aksenova K., Zagu-liaev D., Serebryakova A. Evolution of Dislocation Substructures of Fatigue Fracture of Titanium Under Constant Magnetic Field. Metallography, Microstructure, and Analysis. 2025;14:279‒286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13632-025-01183-5

56. Shlyarov V.V., Aksenova K.V., Zaguliaev D.V., Serebryakova A.A. Evolution of the Fracture Surface of Commercially Pure VT1-0 Titanium Subjected to Multicycle Fatigue in a Constant Magnetic Field. J. Surf. Investig. 2023;17:144–149. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1027451023010238

57. Menshenin V.V., Radzivonchik D.I. The magnetoelectric effect and magnetic dynamics in the antiferromagnet Gd2CuO4. Solid state physics. 2013;55(8):1544‒1551. (In Russ.).

58. Rahman R.U., Li Z., He J. Magnetic wave dynamics in ferromagnetic thin films: Interactions of solitons and positons in Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation. Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena. 2025;479:134719.

59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physd.2025.134719

60. Gladkov S., Bogdanova S. On computation of relaxation constant α in Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2014;368:324‒327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2014.05.028

61. Liu, A., Wen, T., Han, J. et al. Finite-temperature screw dislocation core structures and dynamics in α-titanium. Comput Mater. 2023;9:228. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41524-023-01181-7

62. Wei B., Peng L., Liu Y., Zhang J., Wen S., Li S., Huang S. A magnetic field reinforced excitation structure for enhanced motion-induced eddy current defect detection. Measurement. 2026;258:119186 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2025.119186

63. Song X., Qi H., Li S., Hu Y., Yang W., Li Z. Effect of cryogenic coupled magnetic field treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties on Ti ‒ 6Al ‒ 4V titanium alloy. Materials Today Communications. 2024;40:109417 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2024.109417

64. Hu J., Wang Y., Yang C., Zhang S., Chen X. Mechanical behavior, microstructural defor-mation mechanisms, and reliability evaluation of titanium alloy helical springs in extreme space environments with magnetic fields. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2025;35:6060‒6074.

65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.02.208

66. Shatruk M., Clark J.K. Magnetic materials. Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry III (Third Edition). 2023:236‒261.

67. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823144-9.00169-2