POSSIBILITIES OF USING SEWAGE SLUDGE AS FERTILIZERS AND RECLAMATION AGENTS

The article presents information on sewage sludge (WWS) of municipal treatment facilities as a promising non-traditional resource for plant nutrition and their use in the reclamation of technogenically disturbed lands. An overview of the use of sewage sludge in agricultural technology for cultivating agricultural crops and as a soil improver during reclamation in Russia and abroad is given, and agrotechnical characteristics of sewage sludge are given. Sewage sludge is solid municipal and industrial waste that accumulates on sludge beds of treatment facilities and in dumps. They contain significant amounts of mineral nutrition elements such as nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, etc., which makes them valuable fertilizers for growing crops. Their use can significantly reduce or replace the introduction of other fertilizers into the soil. When using sewage sludge as fertilizer, it is necessary to take into account the content of heavy metals, the standards of which differ in different countries. The most stringent requirements for their content have been developed in Norway, especially for such an element as cadmium. The results of the author's field research on the reclamation of iron ore processing waste and iron-containing sludge from metallurgical production are described. The absence of self-overgrowth of technogenic areas, caused by the high phytotoxicity of metallurgical waste, was noted. As a result of the placement of WWS, the physical and agrochemical characteristics of the surface layer of the reclaimed areas of the tailings and sludge storage ponds were improved, and the appearance of grass cover on them was ensured, starting from the first year of placement of this soil improver. Due to the absorption of leachable metals into organomineral complexes, the use of WWS makes it possible to reduce the toxicity of the material on iron-containing waste. The environmental and economic feasibility of using organic waste from urban wastewater treatment plants in agricultural and reclamation practices is substantiated.

1. Alekseev Yu.V. Heavy metals in soils and plants. Leningrad: Agropromizdat, 1987:142. (In Russ.).

2. Kabata-Pendias A., Pendias Kh. Trace ele-ments in soils and plants. Moscow: Mir, 1989:439.

3. Lareshin V.G. et al. Preservation and im-provement of fertility of agricultural lands. Moscow: RUDN, 2008:172. (In Russ.).

4. Davis R.D. Agricultural utilization of sewage sludge: Areview. J. Inst. Water and Environ. Manag. 1989;3(4):351–355.

5. Chebotarev N.G., Kolesnichenko A.V. The experience of using sewage sludge for fertiliz-ers in the conditions of the Moscow region. In: The influence of the chemicalization of ag-riculture on the content of heavy metals in the soils of agricultural lands and crop production. Moscow, 1988:110–115. (In Russ.).

6. Nikushina T.K., Shurina R.N. The use of sewage sludge in Ryazan as fertilizers. In: The influence of the chemicalization of agriculture on the content of heavy metals in the soils of agricultural land and crop production. Mos-cow: Gosagropromizdat, 1988:127–135. (In Russ.).

7. Burlakov A.A., Dolzhenenko I.B., Sku-ratovskaya L.M., Sal'nikova K.S. The use of sewage sludge for fertilizing reclaimed lands. In: Problems of complex land reclamation of the Volga region. 1989:67–68. (In Russ.).

8. Kasatikov V.A., Kasatikova S.M. Agronomic efficiency and application features of fertilizer systems based on precipitation of urban wastewater, peat and manure. In: The system of applying fertilizers to obtain the planned crop yield. Gorky: Gosagropromizdat, 1988:29–36. (In Russ.).

9. Kasatikov V.A. The use of sewage sludge and compost from solid household waste. Khimiz. s. kh. 1989;11:29. (In Russ.).

10. Sergienko L.I., Tyan V.P. Ecological and eco-nomic assessment of the use of sewage sludge in the right bank of the Saratov region. In: Ecological problems of agriculture and water management of the Volga region. Tez. dokl. scientific and practical conference. Saratov, 1992:17–18. (In Russ.).

11. Lebedev D.L. Sewage sludge of the city of Velikiye Luki as an organic fertilizer on sandy soils; avtoreferat dis. ... kandidata sel'skokhozyaistvennykh nauk. Ve-likiye Luki: ed. Velikiye Luki State Academy of Sci-ences, 2003;20. (In Russ.).

12. Clapp C.E., Dowdy R.H., Larson W.E., Linden D.R., Normann C.M., Halbach T.R., Polta R.C. Uti-lization of municipal sewage sludge on agri-cultural land in Minnesota. Amer. Soc. Agron. Annu. Meet. 1993;Cincinnati:312.

13. Blagoveshchenskaya Z.K., Gracheva N.K., Mogindovich L.S., Trishina T.A. Utilization of urban wastewater sludge. Khimiz. s.-kh. 1989;10:73–76. (In Russ.).

14. Vance G.F. Heavy metal concentrations in soils and plants of an abandoned coal mine five years after sludge amendment. Amer. Soc. Agron. Annu. Meet. 1991;Madison:422.

15. Lue-Hing C., Zenz D.R., Pietz R.J., Granato T.C. Encouraging the beneficial use of sewage sludge application to land. Amer. Soc. Agron. Annu. Meet. 1993;Cincinnati:321–322.

16. Webber M.D., Wang C., Topp G.C. Organic contaminants in Canadian agricultural soil. Can. J. Soil Sci. 1993;73(4):656.

17. Сhang A.C., Granato T., Page A.M. Land ap-plication of municipal sludge – Assessing the phytotoxicity of metals. Amer. Soc. Agron. Annu. Meet. 1991;Madison:38.

18. Aoki M., Ichii H. Sevage sludge use in agri-culture and evaluation of composting facili-ties. Trans.14 th Int. Congr. Soil Sci., Kyoto, Aug. 1990;4:210–215.

19. Paulsrud B., Nedland K.J. Strategy for land applica-tion of sewage sludge in Norway. Water Science and Technology. 1997;36(11):283‒290.

20. Zakharova M.A., Vodoleev A.S., Domnin K. I. The content of heavy metals and the chem-ical composition of technozems and plants of the tailings storage facility of JSC Abagur ag-glomeration and processing plant, Novokuz-netsk. In: Metallurgy: technologies, innova-tions, quality. Metallurgy – 2021. Proceedings of the XXII International Scientific and Practi-cal Conference, November 10-11, 2021. Novo-kuznetsk: ITs SibGIU, 2021;2:163–166. (In Russ.).

21. Kasatikov V.A. Agroekologicheskie svoistva i problema utiliza-tsii osadkov stochnykh vod g. Moskvy. In: Tekhnol. obrab. osadkov prirod. i stochnykh vod: Mater. semin. Moscow: Znanie RSFSR. Mosk. dom nauch.-tekhn. progr., 1990:73–79.

22. Huе N.T., Ranjith Subasinghe A. Segawe sludges in Hawaii: chemical composition and reactions with soils and plants. Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 1994;72(1):265–283.

23. Hooda P.S., Alloway B.J. Sorption of Cd and Pb by selected temperate and semi-arid soils: effects of sludge application and ageing of sludged soils. Water, Air., and Soill Pollut. 1994;74(3-4):235–250.

24. Hattori Hiroyuki. Influence of cadmium on decomposition of sewage sludge and microbial activities in soils. Soil Sci. and Plant Nutr. 1989;35(2):289–299.

25. Balaganskaya E.D., Mozgova N.P. Search for ameliorants for restoration of polluted soils. In: Tez. young. conf. botanists of the CIS coun-tries “Actual. prob. Botan”. Apatity: RAN. Kol. nauch. tsentr. Polyar. 1993:98–99. (In Russ.).

26. Daniels W.L., Stuczynski T., Pantuck K., Pistelok F., Szymborski A. Restoration of mining wastes with sewage sludge in upper Silesia. Poland, 1995:115–124.

27. Skousen J., Clinger C. Sewage sludge land ap-plication program in west Virginia. J. Soil and Water Conserv. 1993;48:(2):145–151.

28. Borgegard Sven-Olov, Rydin Hakan. Utiliza-tion of Waste products and in organic fertiliz-er in the restoration of iron-mine tailigs. J. Appl. Ecol. 1989;26(3):1083–1088.

29. Dippel Martin. Rechtliche Fragen bei der Aufbringung von Klärschlamm auf land-wirtschaftliche Flächen. Zuckerindustrie. 1994;119(5):395–401.

30. Krishoamohan R., Herbich John B., Hossner Lloyd R., Williams Fred S. Environmental aspest of vegetation reclamation of bauxite residue disposal areas Light Metalls. In: Pros. Techn. Sess. TMS Light Metals Comm. 121 st TMS Annuu. Meet. San Diego, Calif., March 1-5, 1992. Warnendale. Calif. 1991:5–9.

31. Wilson S. A., Rahe T.M., Webber W.B. Mu-nicipal wastewater sludge as a soil amendment for revegetating final landfill cover. J. soil water conserve. 1985;40(3):296–299.

32. Krunchak V.G., Ponomareva L.V., Nazarenko A.V., Ivanova T.I., Trushkina A.N., Malinin A.I. Biologi-cal soil reclamation. In: Conf. "Introduction of microorganisms into the environment, Moscow, 17-19 maya, 1994. Moscow: izd. RAN, 1994:55–56. (In Russ.).

33. Latypova V.Z., Kostyukevich I.I., Grigor'yan B.R., Ermolaeva A.I. Comprehensive assessment of the ecological state of sludge maps of urban wastewater treatment plants and recommen-dations for their use. In: Environmental pollu-tion. Environment: Problems of toxicology and epidemiology. Moscow – Perm, 11-19 May 1993. – Perm; 1993:74–75. (In Russ.).

34. Berlyakova O. G., Ermak N. B., Lindina L. I. The use of sewage sludge in the reclamation of disturbed lands. Vestn. Kemer. gos. un-ta. 2010;1:33‒37. (In Russ.).