CLUSTERING IN LIQUIDS: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS, MODELS AND PRACTICAL APPLICATION

The results of a literary and analytical review of works related to the clustering process in liquids (formation of stable groups of molecules (clusters)) are presented. under the influence of intermolecular forces). The liquids under consideration can be called nanostructured. The cluster model plays an important role in describing the physical and microstructural properties of liquids, including heat capacity, viscosity, and compressibility. Clusters can significantly affect processes in liquids, especially near critical points. The theoretical aspects of the cluster model, its research methods and practical application in various fields of science and technology are considered. One of the key areas of research is to study the influence of external factors (electric and magnetic fields, temperature, pressure, and others) on the formation and development of clusters in liquids. These impacts significantly change their structure, size, and time characteristics. Studies have shown that alternating electric fields can cause dynamic fluctuations in cluster density, which affects their optical and dielectric properties. The results of such experiments open up broad prospects for creating liquids with controlled characteristics (electrically conductive or magnetic liquids). These materials are used in new generation devices, for example, in smart control systems or adaptive optics.

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