<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vsgiu</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Сибирского государственного индустриального университета</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Bulletin of the Siberian State Industrial University</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2304 - 4497</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2307-1710</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Сибирский государственный индустриальный университет"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.57070/2304-4497-2026-2(56)-97-105</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vsgiu-957</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Раздел 2. Металлургия и материаловедение</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Section 2. Metallurgy and Materials Science</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>СТРУКТУРА РЕЛЬСОВ ИЗ ЗАЭВТЕКТОИДНОЙ СТАЛИ, ВЫЯВЛЕННАЯ МЕТОДАМИ ПРОСВЕЧИВАЮЩЕЙ ЭЛЕКТРОННОЙ МИКРОСКОПИИ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>STRUCTURE OF HYPEREUTECTOID STEEL RAILS REVEALED BY TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8022-7958</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванов</surname><given-names>Юрий Федорович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanov</surname><given-names>Yuri F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.ф.-м.н., профессор, главный научный сотрудник</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Phys. and Math.), Prof., Chief Researcher</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yufi55@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5147-5343</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Громов</surname><given-names>Виктор Евгеньевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gromov</surname><given-names>Viktor E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.ф.-м.н., профессор, заведующий кафедрой естественнонаучных дисциплин им. проф. В.М. Финкеля</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Phys. and Math.), Prof., Head of the Department of Natural Sciences named after Professor V.M. Finkel</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gromov@physics.sibsiu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Невский</surname><given-names>Сергей Андреевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nevsky</surname><given-names>Sergey A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.т.н., доцент, профессор кафедры естественнонаучных дисциплин им. профессора В.М. Финкеля</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Assist. Prof., Professor of the Department of Natural Sciences named after Professor V.M. Finkel</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nevskiy.sergei@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5892-3719</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Литовченко</surname><given-names>Игорь Юрьевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Litovchenko</surname><given-names>Igor Y.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.ф.-м.н., доцент, профессор кафедры физики металлов, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории физики структурных превращений</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Phys. and Math.), Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of Physics of Metals, Senior Researcher at the Laboratory of Physics of Structural Transformations </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">litovchenko@spti.tsu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0813-3224</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шугаев</surname><given-names>Олег Владимирович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shugaev</surname><given-names>Oleg V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>старший преподаватель кафедры транспорта и логистики</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Senior Lecturer at the Department of Transport and Logistics</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">o_shugaev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт сильноточной электроники СО РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of High-Current Electronics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Сибирский государственный индустриальный университет</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Siberian State Industrial University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт физики прочности и материаловедения СО РАН</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science SB RAS</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>97</fpage><lpage>105</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Иванов Ю., Громов В., Невский С., Литовченко И., Шугаев О., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Иванов Ю., Громов В., Невский С., Литовченко И., Шугаев О.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ivanov Y., Gromov V., Nevsky S., Litovchenko I., Shugaev O.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnik.sibsiu.ru/jour/article/view/957">https://vestnik.sibsiu.ru/jour/article/view/957</self-uri><abstract><p>Исследована структура, фазовый состав и дислокационная субструктура колоний перлита пластинчатой морфологии металла выкружки рельсов категории ДТ400ИК из заэвтектоидной стали на глубине 10 мм от поверхности катания после пропущенного тоннажа 175,9 млн т на Восточно-Сибирской железной дороге. Анализ структуры выполнен на нескольких структурно-масштабных уровнях (макро-, микро-, субмикро- и наномасштабном). Показано, что на макроскопическом уровне колонии перлита изогнуты, на микроуровне выявлено присутствие в стали колоний перлита с разрушенными пластинами цементита, на субмикромасштабном уровне отмечено явление фрагментации пластин феррита перлитных колоний, на наномасштабном уровне – фрагментация пластин цементита. В объеме пластин феррита наблюдаются наноразмерные (10 ‒ 15 нм) частицы цементита, которые следует отнести к третичному цементиту, формирующемуся при распаде твердого раствора на основе α-железа. Они располагаются на линиях дислокаций. Отмечено, что дислокационная субструктура наблюдается только в пластинах феррита. Она представлена хаотически распределенными дислокациями, формирующими скопления, и сетчатой дислокационной субструктурой. Показано, что исследуемая сталь характеризуется наличием внутренних полей напряжений, имеющих чисто упругий характер. Источниками полей напряжений являются внутри- и межфазные границы (границы раздела колоний перлита и некоторой совокупности пластин в пределах одной колонии, границы раздела пластин феррита и цементита). Выявленные источники внутренних полей напряжений будут приводить к формированию микротрещин, которые в свою очередь способствуют преждевременному разрушению металла рельс при эксплуатации. </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The structure, phase composition, and dislocation substructure of pearlite colonies of lamellar morphology of metal chips of rails of the DT400IK category made of hypereutectoid steel at a depth of 10 mm from the rolling surface after passing a tonnage of 175.9 million tons on the East Siberian Railway has been studied. The structure analysis was performed at several structural-scale levels (macro-, micro-, submicro- and nanoscale levels). It is shown that perlite colonies are bent at the macroscopic level, the presence of perlite colonies with destroyed cementite plates in steel was revealed at the microlevel, the phenomenon of fragmentation of ferrite plates of pearlite colonies was noted at the submicroscopic level, and fragmentation of cementite plates at the nanoscale level. Nanoscale (10 ‒ 15 nm) cementite particles are observed in the volume of ferrite plates, which should be attributed to tertiary cementite formed during the decomposition of a solid solution based on α-iron. They are located on the dislocation lines. It is noted that the dislocation substructure is observed only in ferrite plates. It is represented by chaotically distributed dislocations, dislocations forming clusters, and a mesh dislocation substructure. It is shown that the steel under study is characterized by the presence of internal stress fields having a purely elastic character. The sources of stress fields are intra- and interphase boundaries (boundaries between colonies of perlite and a certain set of plates within one colony, boundaries between plates of ferrite and cementite). The identified sources of internal stress fields will lead to the formation of microcracks, which in turn contribute to the premature destruction of the rail metal during operation.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рельсы</kwd><kwd>эксплуатация</kwd><kwd>заэвтектоидная сталь</kwd><kwd>морфология</kwd><kwd>дефектная субструктура</kwd><kwd>внутренние поля напряжений</kwd><kwd>контуры экстинкции</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>rails</kwd><kwd>operation</kwd><kwd>hypoeutectoid steel</kwd><kwd>morphology</kwd><kwd>defective substructure</kwd><kwd>internal stress fields</kwd><kwd>extinction contours</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке Гранта Российского научного фонда № 25-29-20020,  https://rscf.ru/progect/25-29-20020/ и Кемеровской области – Кузбасса. Исследование проводилось в рамках  государственного задания Министерства науки и высшего образования РФ темы № 075-00087-2401 и № FWRM-2026-0010.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was financially supported by the Grant of the Russian Science Foundation No. 25-29-20020,  https://rscf.ru/progect/25-29-20020 / and the Kemerovo region – Kuzbass. The study was conducted within the  framework of the state assignment of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation on  topics No. 075-00087-2401 and No. FWRM-2026-0010.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bai W., Zhou L., Wang P., Hu Y., Wang W., Ding H., Han Z., Xu X., Zhu M. Damage be-havior of heavy-haul rail steels used from the mild conditions to harsh conditions. Wear. 2022;496–497:204290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2022.204290</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bai W., Zhou L., Wang P., Hu Y., Wang W., Ding H., Han Z., Xu X., Zhu M. Damage be-havior of heavy-haul rail steels used from the mild conditions to harsh conditions. Wear. 2022;496-497:204290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2022.204290</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hu Y., Zhou L., Ding H.H., Lewis R., Liu Q.Y., Guo J., Wang W.J. Microstructure evolution of railway pearlitic wheel steels under rolling-sliding contact loading. Tribology International. 2021;154:106685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106685</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hu Y., Zhou L., Ding H.H., Lewis R., Liu Q.Y., Guo J., Wang W.J. Microstructure evolution of railway pearlitic wheel steels under rolling-sliding contact loading. Tribology International. 2021;154:106685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106685</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhou L., Bai W., Han Z., Wang W., Hu Yu., Ding H., Lewis R., Meli E., Liu Q., Guo J. Comparison of the damage and microstructure evolution of eutectoid and hypereutectoid rail steels under a rolling-sliding contact. Wear. 2022;492–493:204233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2021.204233</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhou L., Bai W., Han Z., Wang W., Hu Yu., Ding H., Lewis R., Meli E., Liu Q., Guo J. Comparison of the damage and microstructure evolution of eutectoid and hypereutectoid rail steels under a rolling-sliding contact. Wear. 2022;492-493:204233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2021.204233</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhou L. Ding H., Han Z., Chen Ch., Liu Q., Guo J., Wang W. Study of rolling-sliding contact damage and tribo-chemical behaviour of wheel-rail materials at low temperatures. Engineering. Failure Analysis. 2022;134:106077.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhou L. Ding H., Han Z., Chen Ch., Liu Q., Guo J., Wang W. Study of rolling-sliding contact damage and tribo-chemical behaviour of wheel-rail materials at low temperatures. Engineering. Failure Analysis. 2022;134:106077.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2022.106077</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2022.106077</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ma L., Guo J., Liu Q.Y., Wang W.J. Fatigue crack growth and damage characteristics of high-speed rail at low ambient temperature Engineering. Failure Analysis. 2017;82:802–815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2017.07.026</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ma L., Guo J., Liu Q.Y., Wang W.J. Fatigue crack growth and damage characteristics of high-speed rail at low ambient temperature Engineering. Failure Analysis. 2017;82:802–815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2017.07.026</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mojumder S., Mishra K., Singh K., Qiu C., Mutton P., Singh A. Effect of track curvature on the microstructure evolution and cracking in the longitudinal section of lower gauge corner flow lips formed in rails. Engineering. Failure Analysis. 2022;135 (1-2):106177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2022.106177</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mojumder S., Mishra K., Singh K., Qiu C., Mutton P., Singh A. Effect of track curvature on the microstructure evolution and cracking in the longitudinal section of lower gauge corner flow lips formed in rails. Engineering. Failure Analysis. 2022;135       (1-2):106177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2022.106177</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wen J., Marteau J., Bouvier S., Risbet M., Cristofari F., Secorde P. Comparison of microstructure changes induced in two pearlitic rail steels subjected to a full-scale wheel/rail contact rig test. Wear. 2020;456-457:203354.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wen J., Marteau J., Bouvier S., Risbet M., Cristofari F., Secorde P. Comparison of microstructure changes induced in two pearlitic rail steels subjected to a full-scale wheel/rail contact rig test. Wear. 2020;456-457:203354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2020.203354</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2020.203354</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang J., Chen Xi., Li X., Wu Y. Influence of heavy haul railway curve parameters on rail wear. Engineering. Failure Analysis. 2015;57(2):511–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2015.08.021</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang J., Chen Xi., Li X., Wu Y. Influence of heavy haul railway curve parameters on rail wear. Engineering. Failure Analysis. 2015;57(2):511–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2015.08.021</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rong K., Xiao Ye., Shen M., Zhao H., Wang W-J., Xiong G. Influence of ambient humidity on the adhesion and damage behavior of wheel-rail interface under hot weather condition Wear. 2021;486–487:204091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2021.204091</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rong K., Xiao Ye., Shen M., Zhao H., Wang W., Xiong G. Influence of ambient humidity on the adhesion and damage behavior of wheel-rail interface under hot weather condition Wear. 2021;486–487:204091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2021.204091</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tushinskii L.I. Structural theory of structural strength of materials. Novosibirsk: NGTU. 2004:399. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тушинский Л.И. Структурная теория конструктивной прочности материалов. Новосибирск: НГТУ. 2004:399.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schastlivtsev V.M., Medvedeva N.I., Kraposhin V.S., Talis A.L., Kar'kina L.E., Kar'kin A.R., Kuznetsov A.R., Kabanova I.G., Yakovleva I.L., Mirzaev D.A., Tabatchikova T.I., Voronin V.I, Khlebnikova Yu.V., Okishev K.Yu., Maratkanova A.N. Cementite in carbon steels. Ekaterinburg: Izdatel'stvo UMTs UPI. 2017:380. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Счастливцев В.М., Медведева Н.И., Крапошин В.С., Талис А.Л., Карькина Л.Е., Карькин А.Р., Кузнецов А.Р., Кабанова И.Г., Яковлева И.Л., Мирзаев Д.А., Табатчикова Т.И., Воронин В.И, Хлебникова Ю.В., Окишев К.Ю., Маратканова А.Н. Цементит в углеродистых сталях. Екатеринбург: Издательство УМЦ УПИ. 2017:380.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Panin V.E. Аctual problems of physical me-somechanics of nonlinear multilevel hierarchically organized systems. Fizicheskaya mezomekhanika. 2014;17(6):5‒6. In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Панин В.Е. Актуальные проблемы физической мезомеханики нелинейных многоуровневых иерархически организованных систем. Физическая мезомеханика. 2014;17(6):5‒6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carter C.B., Williams D.B. Transmission Electron Microscopy. Berlin: Springer. 2016:618.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carter C.B., Williams D.B. Transmission Electron Microscopy. Berlin: Springer. 2016:618.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Egerton F.R. Physical Principles of Electron Microscopy. Basel: Springer. 2016:575.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Egerton F.R. Physical Principles of Electron Microscopy. Basel: Springer. 2016:575.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kumar C.S.S.R. Transmission Electron Mi-croscopy Characterization of Nanjmaterials. New York: Springer. 2014:492.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kumar C.S.S.R. Transmission Electron Mi-croscopy Characterization of Nanjmaterials. New York: Springer. 2014:492.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shchastyantsev V.M., Mirzaev D.A., Ya-kovleva I.L., Okishev K.Yu., Tabatchikova T.I., Khlebnikova Yu.V. Perlite in carbon steel. Ekaterinburg: Izd-vo IFM UrO RAN, 2006:312. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Счастливцев В.М., Мирзаев Д.А., Яковлева И.Л., Окишев К.Ю., Табатчикова Т.И., Хлебникова Ю.В. Перлит в углеродистой стали. Екатеринбург: Изд-во ИФМ УрО РАН. 2006:312</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhengming Sun, Peigen Zhang, Wei Liu, Wei He. Fundamentals of Materials Science. From Basic Theories to Critical Properties. Singa-pore: Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025:654</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhengming Sun, Peigen Zhang, Wei Liu, Wei He. Fundamentals of Materials Science. From Basic Theories to Critical Properties. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025:654</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Popova N.A., Gromov V.E., Ivanov Yu.F., Porfir'ev M.A., Nikonenko E.L., Shlyarova Yu.A. The influence of long-term operation on the structural-phase state of hypereutectoid rail steel. Materialovedenie. 2023;10:17–28. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Попова Н.А., Громов В.Е., Иванов Ю.Ф., Порфирьев М.А., Никоненко Е.Л., Шлярова Ю.А. Влияние длительной эксплуатации на структурно-фазовое состояние заэвтектоидной рельсовой стали. Материаловедение. 2023;10:17–28.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gromov V.Е., Ivanov Y.F., Porfiriev M.A., Shliarova Yu.A. Evolution of Cementite Substructure of Rails from Hypereutectoid Steel during Operation. Metals. 2023;13(10):1688. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101688</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gromov V.Е., Ivanov Y.F., Porfiriev M.A., Shliarova Yu.A. Evolution of Cementite Substructure of Rails from Hypereutectoid Steel during Operation. Metals. 2023;13(10):1688. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101688</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smirnov A.N. ed. Mesmerized by Metals. Kemerovo: Sibirskaya izdatel'skaya firma. 2025:284. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Завороженные металлами / Под ред. А.Н. Смирнова. Кемерово: Сибирская издательская фирма. 2025:284.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gleser A.M., Kozlov E.V., Koneva N.A., Popova N.A., Kurzina I.A. Plastic Defor-mation of Nanostructured Materials. CRC Press, Taylor &amp; Francis Group, Boca Raton, London, New York. 2017:321.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gleser A.M., Kozlov E.V., Koneva N.A., Popova N.A., Kurzina I.A. Plastic Defor-mation of Nanostructured Materials. CRC Press, Taylor &amp; Francis Group, Boca Raton, London, New York. 2017:321.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Popova N.A., Gromov V.E., Nikonenko E.L., Trishkina L.I., Cherkasova T.V., Solov'eva Yu.V., Shlyarova Yu.A., Peregudov O.A. Strengthening mechanisms in metals and alloys. Novokuznetsk: Poligrafist. 2024:133. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Попова Н.А., Громов В.Е., Никоненко Е.Л., Тришкина Л.И., Черкасова Т.В., Соловьёва Ю.В., Шлярова Ю.А., Перегудов О.А. Механизмы упрочнения в металлах и сплавах. Новокузнецк: Полиграфист. 2024:133.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Попова Н.А., Громов В.Е., Никоненко Е.Л., Тришкина Л.И., Черкасова Т.В., Соловьёва Ю.В., Шлярова Ю.А., Перегудов О.А. Механизмы упрочнения в металлах и сплавах. Новокузнецк: Полиграфист. 2024:133.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
