<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vsgiu</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Сибирского государственного индустриального университета</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Bulletin of the Siberian State Industrial University</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2304 - 4497</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2307-1710</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Сибирский государственный индустриальный университет"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.57070/2304-4497-2026-2(56)-89-96</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vsgiu-956</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Раздел 2. Металлургия и материаловедение</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Section 2. Metallurgy and Materials Science</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>РЕСУРСОСБЕРЕГАЮЩАЯ ПЕРЕРАБОТКА ДОМЕННОГО ШЛАКА И ШЛАМА ПРИ ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕ ПОЛИМЕРНО-МИНЕРАЛЬНЫХ КОМПОЗИТОВ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>RESOURCE-SAVING PROCESSING OF BLAST FURNACE SLAG AND SLUDGE IN THE PRODUCTION OF POLYMER-MINERAL COMPOSITES</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7121-4645</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чумачкова</surname><given-names>Екатерина Геннадьевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chumachkova</surname><given-names>Ekaterina G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>обучающийся кафедры металлургии черных металлов и химических технологий</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Student of the Department of Ferrous Metallurgy and Chemical Technologies</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Katya.Arsenteva383@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4721-6821</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чумачков</surname><given-names>Илья Игоревич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chumachkov</surname><given-names>Ilya I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант кафедры механики и машиностроения</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Postgraduate Student of the Department of Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">I.I.Chumachkov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8615-5411</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фейлер</surname><given-names>Сергей Владимирович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Feiler</surname><given-names>Sergey V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.т.н., заведующий кафедрой металлургии черных металлов и химических технологий</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Head of the Department of Metallurgy of Ferrous Metals and Chemical Technologies</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">feiler_sv@sibsiu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Сибирский государственный индустриальный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Siberian State Industrial University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>89</fpage><lpage>96</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Чумачкова Е., Чумачков И., Фейлер С., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Чумачкова Е., Чумачков И., Фейлер С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Chumachkova E., Chumachkov I., Feiler S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnik.sibsiu.ru/jour/article/view/956">https://vestnik.sibsiu.ru/jour/article/view/956</self-uri><abstract><p>Провели исследование по модифицированию полимерно-минеральных композитов на основе вторичных полиолефинов с мусорных полигонов и добавкой песка в виде металлургических отходов. Рассмотрели возможность использования доменного шлака и высушенного доменного шлама в качестве частичной и полной замены песка при фиксированном соотношении полимерной матрицы и минерального наполнителя. В качестве полимерной матрицы использовали смесь полиэтиленов высокого и низкого давления. Рассмотрены особенности технологии переработки, включающей стадии пластификации, гранулирования, повторной гомогенизации и последующего прессования. Это обеспечивало более равномерное распределение минеральной фазы в объеме композита. Оценили влияние соотношения песка и шлако-шламовой смеси на прочность при сжатии образцов. Установили, что при увеличении доли металлургических компонентов в составе наполнителя максимальное напряжение при сжатии возрастает с 25,21 до 28,87 МПа. Полученный результат указывает на положительное влияние шлако-шламовой смеси на прочностные свойства композита в исследованных условиях. Показано, что доменные шлак и шлам могут рассматриваться не только как замена части природного минерального сырья, но и как функциональная минеральная фаза в составе полимерно-минеральных композитов. Полученные данные позволяют рассматривать совместное использование вторичных полиолефинов и металлургических отходов как одно из перспективных направлений утилизации промышленных и бытовых отходов. Результаты подтверждают целесообразность дальнейших исследований таких композитов применительно к производству маслобензостойких плит и элементов дорожных покрытий, не несущих конструктивных нагрузок.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>A study was conducted on the modification of polymer-mineral composites based on secondary polyolefins from landfills and the addition of sand in the form of metallurgical waste. The possibility of using blast furnace sludge and dried blast furnace sludge as a partial and complete replacement for sand with a fixed ratio of polymer matrix and mineral filler was considered. A mixture of high- and low-pressure polyethylene was used as the polymer matrix. The features of the processing technology, including the stages of plasticization, granulation, re-homogenization and subsequent pressing, are considered. This ensured a more uniform distribution of the mineral phase in the volume of the composite. The effect of the ratio of sand and slag-slurry mixture on the compressive strength of the samples was evaluated. It was found that with an increase in the proportion of metallurgical components in the filler, the maximum compressive stress increases from 25.21 to 28.87 MPa. The obtained result indicates the positive effect of the slag-slurry mixture on the strength properties of the composite under the studied conditions. It is shown that blast furnace slag and sludge can be considered not only as a substitute for a part of natural mineral raw materials, but also as a functional mineral phase in the composition of polymer-mineral composites. The data obtained allow us to consider the joint use of secondary polyolefins and metallurgical waste as one of the promising areas for the disposal of industrial and household waste. The results confirm the expediency of further studies of such composites in relation to the production of oil- and gasoline-resistant plates and road surface elements that do not carry structural loads.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>композиты</kwd><kwd>пластик</kwd><kwd>шлак</kwd><kwd>шлам</kwd><kwd>прочность</kwd><kwd>прессование</kwd><kwd>переработка</kwd><kwd>металлургия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Composites</kwd><kwd>plastic</kwd><kwd>slag</kwd><kwd>sludge</kwd><kwd>strength</kwd><kwd>pressing</kwd><kwd>processing</kwd><kwd>metallurgy</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет средств ФГБОУ ВО «Сибирский государственный  индустриальный университет», номер госрегистрации 125121914748-3 от 19 декабря 2025 г.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was carried out at the expense of the Siberian State Industrial University, state registration number  125121914748-3 dated December 19, 2025.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Singh N., Abdullah M.M., Ma X., Sharma V.K. Plastic recycling: A panacea or environmental pollution problem. npj Materials Sustainability. 2024;3:24. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44296-024-00024-w</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Singh N., Abdullah M.M., Ma X., Sharma V.K. Plastic recycling: A panacea or environmental pollution problem. npj Materials Sustainability. 2024;3:24. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44296-024-00024-w</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lamtai A., Elkoun S., Robert M., Mighri F., Diez C. Mechanical recycling of thermoplastics: A review of key issues. Waste. 2023;1(4):860–883. https://doi.org/10.3390/waste1040050</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lamtai A., Elkoun S., Robert M., Mighri F., Diez C. Mechanical recycling of thermoplas-tics: A review of key issues. Waste. 2023;1(4):860–883. https://doi.org/10.3390/waste1040050</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shan C., Pandyaswargo A.H., Onoda H. Environmental impact of plastic recycling in terms of energy consumption. Energies. 2023;16(5):2199. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16052199</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shan C., Pandyaswargo A.H., Onoda H. Environmental impact of plastic recycling in terms of energy consumption. Energies. 2023;16(5):2199. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16052199</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Umar M., Singh L., Rashedi S.B. Microplastics removal from a plastic recycling industrial wastewater using sand filtration. Water. 2023;15(5):896. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15050896</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Umar M., Singh L., Rashedi S.B. Microplastics removal from a plastic recycling industrial wastewater using sand filtration. Water. 2023;15(5):896. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15050896</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Iftikhar B., Alih S.C., Vafaei M., Javed M.F., Rehman M.F., Abdullaev S.S., Tamam N., Khan M.I., Hassan A.M. Predicting compressive strength of eco-friendly plastic sand paver blocks using gene expression and artificial intelligence programming. Scientific Reports. 2023;13:12149. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-39349-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iftikhar B., Alih S.C., Vafaei M., Javed M.F., Rehman M.F., Abdullaev S.S., Tamam N., Khan M.I., Hassan A.M. Predicting compressive strength of eco-friendly plastic sand paver blocks using gene expression and artificial intelligence programming. Scientific Reports. 2023;13:12149. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-39349-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Предел прочности при сжатии опытных составов полимерно-минеральных композитов</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Al-Sinan M.A., Bubshait A., Alotaibi Y., AlSwailem R., Almusallam T., Alabduljabbar H. Using plastic sand as a construction material toward a circular economy: а review. Sustainability. 2022;14(11):6446.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Compressive strength of experimental polymer-mineral composites</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116446</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elgharbawy A.S., Ali R.M., Youssef M.E., Ahmed N.S. A comprehensive review of the polyolefin composites and their applications. Heliyon. 2022;8(7):e09932.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elgharbawy A.S., Ali R.M., Youssef M.E., Ahmed N.S. A comprehensive review of the polyolefin composites and their applications. Heliyon. 2022;8(7):e09932.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Umar M., Singh L., Rashedi S.B. Microplastics removal from a plastic recycling industrial wastewater using sand filtration. Water. 2023;15(5):896. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15050896</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09932</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Iftikhar B., Alih S.C., Vafaei M., Javed M.F., Rehman M.F., Abdullaev S.S., Tamam N., Khan M.I., Hassan A.M. Predicting compressive strength of eco-friendly plastic sand paver blocks using gene expression and artificial intelligence programming. Scientific Reports. 2023;13:12149. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-39349-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rieger J., Colla V., Matino I., Stubbe G., Van Acker K., du Preez N., Jones P.T., Mudersbach D., van Beek W., Guzzon M. Residue valorization in the iron and steel industries: sustainable solutions for a cleaner and more competitive future Europe. Metals. 2021;11(8):1202. https://doi.org/10.3390/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Al-Sinan M.A., Bubshait A., Alotaibi Y., AlSwailem R., Almusallam T., Alabduljabbar H. Using plastic sand as a construction material toward a circular economy: а review. Sustainability. 2022;14(11):6446.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang J., Zhang Y., Long Y., Du P., Tian T., Ren Q. Multi-source ferrous metallurgical dust and sludge recycling: present situation and future prospects. Crystals. 2024;14(3):273. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14030273</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116446</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smirnova O.M., Menendez-Pidal I., Alekseev A.V., Petrov D.N., Popov M.G. Strain hardening of polypropylene microfiber reinforced composite based on alkali-activated slag matrix. Materials. 2022;15(4):1607. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15041607</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elgharbawy A.S., Ali R.M., Youssef M.E., Ahmed N.S. A comprehensive review of the polyolefin composites and their applications. Heliyon. 2022;8(7):e09932.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Małek M., Łasica W., Kadela M., Kluczyński J., Dudek D. Physical and mechanical properties of polypropylene fibre-reinforced cement-glass composite. Materials. 2021;14(3):637. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14030637</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09932</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dzięcioł J., Radziemska M. Blast furnace slag, post-industrial waste or valuable building materi-als with remediation potential? Minerals. 2022;12(4):478. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12040478</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rieger J., Colla V., Matino I., Stubbe G., Van Acker K., du Preez N., Jones P.T., Mudersbach D., van Beek W., Guzzon M. Residue valorization in the iron and steel industries: sustainable solutions for a cleaner and more competitive future Europe. Metals. 2021;11(8):1202. https://doi.org/10.3390/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smarzewski P. Fresh and mechanical properties of high-performance self-compacting concrete containing ground granulated blast furnace slag and polypropylene fibres. Applied Sciences. 2023;13(3):1975. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031975</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang J., Zhang Y., Long Y., Du P., Tian T., Ren Q. Multi-source ferrous metallurgical dust and sludge recycling: present situation and future prospects. Crystals. 2024; 14(3):273. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14030273</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu Y., Su Y., Xu G., Chen Y., You G. Research progress on controlled low-strength materials: metallurgical waste slag as cementitious materi-als. Materials. 2022;15(3):727.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smirnova O.M., Menendez-Pidal I., Alekseev A.V., Petrov D.N., Popov M.G. Strain hardening of polypropylene microfiber reinforced composite based on alkali-activated slag matrix. Materials. 2022;15(4):1607.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15030727</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15041607</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ferreira R.S., Jesus G.A.M., Oliveira M.P. Eco-friendly and cost-effective high-density polyeth-ylene-based composites: оptimizing wood-plastic composites for enhanced performance. ACS Omega. 2025;10(7):6437–6445.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Małek M., Łasica W., Kadela M., Kluczyński J., Dudek D. Physical and mechanical properties of polypropylene fibre-reinforced cement-glass composite. Materials. 2021;14(3):637.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.4c06422</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14030637</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kumi-Larbi Jnr A., Mohammed L., Tagbor T.A., Tulashie S.K., Cheeseman C. Recycling waste plastics into plastic-bonded sand interlocking blocks for wall construction in developing coun-tries. Sustainability. 2023;15(24):16602. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416602</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dzięcioł J., Radziemska M. Blast furnace slag, post-industrial waste or valuable building materials with remediation potential? Minerals. 2022;12(4):478. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12040478</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soni A., Das P.K., Yusuf M., Kamyab H., Chel-liapan S. Development of sand-plastic compo-sites as floor tiles using silica sand and recycled thermoplastics: а sustainable approach for cleaner production. Scientific Reports. 2022;12:18921. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-19635-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smarzewski P. Fresh and mechanical properties of high-performance self-compacting concrete containing ground granulated blast furnace slag and polypropylene fibres. Applied Sciences. 2023;13(3):1975. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031975</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perim T.B., de Souza F.F., Monteiro S.N., Can-dido V.S., Neves R.M., da Luz F.S. Characterization of artificial stone produced with blast furnace dust waste incorporated into a mixture of epoxy resin and cashew nut shell oil. Polymers. 2023;15(20):4181. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15204181</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu Y., Su Y., Xu G., Chen Y., You G. Re-search progress on controlled low-strength materials: metallurgical waste slag as cementitious materials. Materials. 2022;15(3):727.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhao L., Zhao K., Shen Z., et al. Novel wood-plastic composite fabricated via modified steel slag: Preparation, mechanical and flammability properties. International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials. 2024;31(9):2110–2120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2829-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15030727</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petousis M., Kalderis D., Michailidis N., Papa-dakis V., Mountakis N., Argyros A., Spiridaki M., David C., Sagris D., Vidakis N. Sustainable high-density polyethylene/ferronickel slag com-posites for material extrusion additive manufac-turing: Engineering, morphological, rheological, thermal, and chemical aspects. Sustainable Mate-rials and Technologies. 2025;43:e01227.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ferreira R.S., Jesus G.A.M., Oliveira M.P. Eco-friendly and cost-effective high-density polyethylene-based composites: оptimizing wood-plastic composites for enhanced performance. ACS Omega. 2025;10(7):6437–6445. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.4c06422</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2024.e01227</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kumi-Larbi Jnr A., Mohammed L., Tagbor T.A., Tulashie S.K., Cheeseman C. Recycling waste plastics into plastic-bonded sand interlocking blocks for wall construction in developing countries. Sustainability. 2023;15(24):16602. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416602</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kumi-Larbi Jnr A., Mohammed L., Tagbor T.A., Tulashie S.K., Cheeseman C. Recycling waste plastics into plastic-bonded sand interlocking blocks for wall construction in developing countries. Sustainability. 2023;15(24):16602. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416602</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Soni A., Das P.K., Yusuf M., Kamyab H., Chelliapan S. Development of sand-plastic composites as floor tiles using silica sand and recycled thermoplastics: а sustainable approach for cleaner production. Scientific Reports. 2022;12:18921. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-19635-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soni A., Das P.K., Yusuf M., Kamyab H., Chelliapan S. Development of sand-plastic composites as floor tiles using silica sand and recycled thermoplastics: а sustainable approach for cleaner production. Scientific Reports. 2022;12:18921. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-19635-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Perim T.B., de Souza F.F., Monteiro S.N., Candido V.S., Neves R.M., da Luz F.S. Characterization of artificial stone produced with blast furnace dust waste incorporated into a mixture of epoxy resin and cashew nut shell oil. Polymers. 2023;15(20):4181. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15204181</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perim T.B., de Souza F.F., Monteiro S.N., Candido V.S., Neves R.M., da Luz F.S. Characterization of artificial stone produced with blast furnace dust waste incorporated into a mixture of epoxy resin and cashew nut shell oil. Polymers. 2023;15(20):4181. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15204181</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhao L., Zhao K., Shen Z., et al. Novel wood-plastic composite fabricated via modified steel slag: Preparation, mechanical and flammability properties. International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials. 2024;31(9):2110–2120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2829-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhao L., Zhao K., Shen Z., et al. Novel wood-plastic composite fabricated via modified steel slag: Preparation, mechanical and flammability properties. International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials. 2024;31(9):2110–2120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-024-2829-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Petousis M., Kalderis D., Michailidis N., Papadakis V., Mountakis N., Argyros A., Spiridaki M., David C., Sagris D., Vidakis N. Sustainable high-density polyethylene/ferronickel slag composites for material extrusion additive manufacturing: Engineering, morphological, rheological, thermal, and chemical aspects. Sustainable Materials and Technologies. 2025;43:e01227.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petousis M., Kalderis D., Michailidis N., Papadakis V., Mountakis N., Argyros A., Spiridaki M., David C., Sagris D., Vidakis N. Sustainable high-density polyethylene/ferronickel slag composites for material extrusion additive manufacturing: Engineering, morphological, rheological, thermal, and chemical aspects. Sustainable Materials and Technologies. 2025;43:e01227.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2024.e01227</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2024.e01227</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
