vsgiuВестник Сибирского государственного индустриального университетаBulletin of the Siberian State Industrial University2304 - 44972307-1710Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Сибирский государственный индустриальный университет"10.57070/2304-4497-2026-1(55)-47-58vsgiu-911Research ArticleРаздел 2. Металлургия и материаловедениеSection 2. Metallurgy and Materials ScienceУПРАВЛЕНИЕ ЗЕРЕННОЙ СТРУКТУРОЙ ТИТАНОВЫХ СПЛАВОВ, ПОЛУЧАЕМЫХ МЕТОДОМ ПРОВОЛОЧНОЙ ЭЛЕКТРОННО-ЛУЧЕВОЙ АДДИТИВНОЙ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ПРИ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИИ УЛЬТРАЗВУКОВОГО ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЯGRAIN STRUCTURE CONTROL OF TITANIUM ALLOYS PRODUCED BY WIRE-FEED ELECTRON BEAM ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING USING ULTRASONIC INDUCTIONhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9534-775XОсиповичКсения СергеевнаOsipovichKseniya Sergeevna

научный сотрудник лаборатории локальной металлургии аддитивных технологий

research fellow at the Laboratory of Local Metallurgy of Additive Technologies

osipovich_k@ispms.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1983-4385ЧумаевскийАндрей ВалерьевичChumaevskiiAndrei Valer'evich

д.т.н., ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории локальной металлургии в аддитивных технологиях

Doctor of Engineering Sciences, Leading Researcher at the Laboratory of Local Metallurgy in Additive Technologies

tch7av@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0009-0002-5708-6098КушнаревЮрий ВладимировичKushnarevYurii Vladimirovich

инженер лаборатории локальной металлургии аддитивных технологий

Engineer of the Laboratory of Local Metallurgy of Additive Technologies

yury.kushnaryov@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8648-0743ПанфиловАлександр ОлеговичPanfilovAleksandr Olegovich

младший научный сотрудник лаборатории структурного дизайна перспективных материалов

Junior Researcher at the Laboratory of Structural Design of Advanced Materials

alexpl@ispms.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7288-3656КолубаевЕвгений АлександровичKolubaevEvgenii Aleksandrovich

д.т.н., заведующий лабораторией локальной металлургии в аддитивных технологиях

Doctor of Engineering Sciences, Head of the Laboratory of Local Metallurgy in Additive Technologies

eak@ispms.tsc.ruИнститут физики прочности и материаловедения СО РАНРоссияInstitute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of SciencesRussian Federation202631032026014758Copyright © Осипович К., Чумаевский А., Кушнарев Ю., Панфилов А., Колубаев Е., 20262026Осипович К., Чумаевский А., Кушнарев Ю., Панфилов А., Колубаев Е.Osipovich K., Chumaevskii A., Kushnarev Y., Panfilov A., Kolubaev E.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vestnik.sibsiu.ru/jour/article/view/911

Формирование образцов на основе титанового сплава ВТ6 методом проволочной электронно-лучевой аддитивной технологии сопряжено с образованием крупнозернистой столбчатой структуры, состоящей из первичной β-фазы. Этому сопутствует быстрое затвердевание и высокий температурный градиент. Для предотвращения образования крупных столбчатых зерен в образцах на основе сплава ВТ6 был предложен и реализован метод ультразвукового воздействия в проволочной электронно-лучевого аддитивной 3D-печати. Проводен комплексный анализ результатов получения образцов на основе титанового сплава ВТ6 для определения наиболее оптимального подхода с точки зрения бездефектности и достижения подходящей структуры. Влияние ультразвукового воздействия и погонной энергии на зеренную структуру изучали с помощью металлографических исследований. Проведена оценка размеров структурных характеристик в образцах с ультразвуковым воздействием и без него. Структура образцов на основе титанового сплава ВТ6 характеризуется двухфазным состоянием: плотноупакованной гексагональной α-фазы и объемно-центрированной кубической β-фазы. Наиболее выраженный эффект воздействия наблюдался в уменьшении ширины первичных β-зерен и снижение их среднего размера с 5,2 до 3,1 мм, в то время как длина зерен существенно не изменилась. Ключевым фактором, влияющим на зеренную структуру, является эффект акустической кавитации, возникающий в ванне расплава под ультразвуковым воздействием. По сравнению с образцами без ультразвукового воздействия предел прочности при растяжении, предел текучести и относительное удлинение в образцах на основе титанового сплава ВТ6, напечатанного при подводе к подложке ультразвукового преобразователя, увеличились на 50, 20 МПа и 4 %. Выявлено, что образцы без ультразвукового воздействия, ориентированные горизонтально относительно выращивания, показывают характеристики механических свойств выше, чем образцы с ультразвуковым воздействием, ориентированные вертикально относительно выращивания. Дальнейшее развитие изученной технологии ультразвукового воздействия может позволить настраивать микроструктуру и текстурные характеристики объемных деталей, полученных методом аддитивного производства.

The formation of samples based on Ti ‒ 6Al ‒ 4V titanium alloy by wire-feed electron beam additive manufacturing is associated with the formation of a coarse-grained columnar structure consisting of a primary β-phase. This is accompanied by rapid solidification and a high temperature gradient. To prevent the formation of large columnar grains in samples based on Ti ‒ 6Al ‒ 4V alloy, a method of ultrasonic treatment in wire-feed electron beam additive 3D printing was proposed and implemented. A comprehensive analysis of the results of obtaining samples based on Ti ‒ 6Al ‒ 4V titanium alloy was carried out to determine the most optimal approach in terms of defect-free performance and achieving a suitable structure. The effect of ultrasonic treatment and linear energy on the grain structure was studied using metallographic studies. The size of the structural characteristics in the samples with and without ultrasound has been evaluated. The structure of the samples based on Ti ‒ 6Al ‒ 4V titanium alloy is characterized by a two-phase state: a tightly packed hexagonal α-phase and a volume-centered cubic β-phase. It was noticed that large primary β-grains became narrower, and the average grain size decreased from 5.2 to 3.1 mm, the effect on grain length was insignificant. The key factor affecting the grain structure is the acoustic cavitation effect that occurs in the melt bath under ultrasonic action. Compared with samples without ultrasonic treatment, the tensile strength, yield strength and elongation in samples based on Ti ‒ 6Al ‒ 4V titanium alloy printed when an ultrasonic transducer was applied to the substrate increased by 50, 20 MPa and 4 %. It was revealed that samples without ultrasonic treatment, oriented horizontally relative to cultivation, show higher mechanical properties characteristics than samples with ultrasonic treatment, oriented vertically relative to cultivation. Further development of the studied ultrasonic treatment technology may make it possible to adjust the microstructure and textural characteristics of volumetric parts obtained by additive manufacturing.

проволочная электронно-лучевая аддитивная технологияультразвуковое воздействиепогонная энергиясплав ВТ6зеренная структураэпитаксиальный ростwire-feed electron beam additive manufacturingultrasonic treatmentlinear energyTi ‒ 6Al ‒ 4Vgrain structureepitaxial growthReferencesKotlyarov V.I., Yuzhakova E.A., Beshkarev V.T., Ivanov V.V., Kozlov R.Y. Set of measures for improving the quality of powders based on titanium for additive technology. Metallurgist. 2017;61:72–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11015-017-0456-2Kotlyarov V.I., Yuzhakova E.A., Beshkarev V.T., Ivanov V.V., Kozlov R.Y. Set of measures for improving the quality of powders based on titanium for additive technology. Metallurgist. 2017;61:72–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11015-017-0456-2Tayon W.A., Domack M.S., Hoffman E.K., Hales S.J. Texture Evolution within the Thermomechanically Affected Zone of an Al ‒ Li Alloy 2195 Friction Stir Weld. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2013;44:4906–4913. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-013-1802-zTayon W.A., Domack M.S., Hoffman E.K., Hales S.J. Texture Evolution within the Thermomechanically Affected Zone of an Al ‒ Li Alloy 2195 Friction Stir Weld. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2013;44:4906–4913. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-013-1802-zZhang L., Chen J., Wang Q., Liu Z., Zhang D., Sun J. Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti – 6Al – 4V alloy fabricated by electron beam freeform fabrication with ultrasonic assistance. Materials Chemistry and Physics. 2023;306:127924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2019.06.030Zhang L., Chen J., Wang Q., Liu Z., Zhang D., Sun J. Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti – 6Al – 4V alloy fabricated by electron beam freeform fabrication with ultrasonic assistance. Materials Chemistry and Physics. 2023;306:127924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2019.06.030Ильин А.А., Колачев Б.А., Полькин И.С. Титановые сплавы. Состав, структура, свойства. Москва: ВИЛС-МАТИ. 2009:520.Il'in A.A., Kolachev B.A., Pol'kin I.S. Titanium alloys. Composition, structure, properties. Moscow: VILS-MATI. 2009:520. (In Russ.).Wu B., Chao Z., Shao D., Li P., Knott J., Pan Z., Li H. Enhanced corrosion performance in Ti ‒ 6Al ‒ 4V alloy produced via wire-arc directed energy deposition with magnetic arc oscillation. Additive Manufacturing. 2023;66:103465.Wu B., Chao Z., Shao D., Li P., Knott J., Pan Z., Li H. Enhanced corrosion performance in Ti ‒ 6Al ‒ 4V alloy produced via wire-arc directed energy deposition with magnetic arc oscillation. Additive Manufacturing. 2023;66:103465.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2023.103465https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2023.103465Yuan T., Kou S., Luo Z. Grain refining by ultrasonic stirring of the weld pool. Acta Materialia. 2016;106:144–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.01.016Yuan T., Kou S., Luo Z. Grain refining by ultrasonic stirring of the weld pool. Acta Materialia. 2016;106:144–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.01.016Okunkova A.A., Shekhtman S.R., Metel A.S., Suhova N.A., Fedorov S.V., Volosova M.A., Grigoriev S.N. On defect minimization caused by oxide phase formation in laser powder bed fusion. Metals. 2022;5:760.Okunkova A.A., Shekhtman S.R., Metel A.S., Suhova N.A., Fedorov S.V., Volosova M.A., Grigoriev S.N. On defect minimization caused by oxide phase formation in laser powder bed fusion. Metals. 2022;5:760.https://doi.org/10.3390/met12050760https://doi.org/10.3390/met12050760Kazantseva N., Krakhmalev P., Thuvander M., Yadroitsev I., Vinogradova N., Ezhov I. Martensitic Transformations in Ti ‒ 6Al ‒ 4V (ELI) Alloy Manufactured by 3D Printing. Materials Characterization. 2018;146:101–112.Kazantseva N., Krakhmalev P., Thuvander M., Yadroitsev I., Vinogradova N., Ezhov I. Martensitic Transformations in Ti ‒ 6Al ‒ 4V (ELI) Alloy Manufactured by 3D Printing. Materials Characterization. 2018;146:101–112.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2018.09.042https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2018.09.042Gu D., Meiners W., Wissenbach K., Poprawe R. Laser additive manufacturing of metallic components: materials, processes and mechanisms. International Materials Reviews. 2012;57(3):133–164. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743280411Y.0000000014Gu D., Meiners W., Wissenbach K., Poprawe R. Laser additive manufacturing of metallic components: materials, processes and mechanisms. International Materials Reviews. 2012;57(3):133–164. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743280411Y.0000000014Abele E., Schraml M., Schiller P., Pfefferkorn F. Deposition of Ti – 6Al – 4V using laser and wire, part I: Microstructural properties of single beads. Surface and Coatings Technology. 2011;206(6):1133–1141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2011.07.095Abele E., Schraml M., Schiller P., Pfefferkorn F. Deposition of Ti – 6Al – 4V using laser and wire, part I: Microstructural properties of single beads. Surface and Coatings Technology. 2011;206(6):1133–1141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2011.07.095Dehoff R.R., Kirka M.M., Sames W.J., Bilheux H., Tremsin A.S., Lowe L.E., Babu S.S. Site specific control of crystallographic grain orientation through electron beam additive manufacturing. Acta Materialia. 2015;91:144–156.Dehoff R.R., Kirka M.M., Sames W.J., Bilheux H., Tremsin A.S., Lowe L.E., Babu S.S. Site specific control of crystallographic grain orientation through electron beam additive manufacturing. Acta Materialia. 2015;91:144–156. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743284714Y.0000000734https://doi.org/10.1179/1743284714Y.0000000734Yang J., Yu H., Yin J., Gao M., Wang Z., Zeng X. Formation and control of martensite in Ti ‒ 6Al ‒ 4V alloy produced by selective laser melting. Materials & Design. 2016;108:308–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.06.117Yang J., Yu H., Yin J., Gao M., Wang Z., Zeng X. Formation and control of martensite in Ti ‒ 6Al ‒ 4V alloy produced by selective laser melting. Materials & Design. 2016;108:308–318.Ding L., Sun Z., Liang X., Li J., Xu G., Zhishuai C. Investigation on Ti ‒ 6Al ‒ 4V Microstructure Evolution in Selective Laser Melting. Metals. 2019;9:1270. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9121270https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.06.117Zhang Y., Wang X.-K., Jia Y.-F., Dong B., Wang Z.-M., Yan J.-J., Zhang X.-C., Tu S.-T. Fatigue Life Prediction and Feature Contribution Analysis of Surface-Strengthened Ti – 6Al – 4V Using a Preprocessing Neural Network. International Journal of Fatigue. 2025;56:4991–5005. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-025-07952-9Ding L., Sun Z., Liang X., Li J., Xu G., Zhishuai C. Investigation on Ti ‒ 6Al ‒ 4V Microstructure Evolution in Selective Laser Melting. Metals. 2019;9:1270. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9121270Panin A., Martynov S., Kazachenok M., Ka-zantseva L., Bakulin A., Kulkova S., Perevalo-va O., Sklyarova E. Effects of water cooling on the microstructure of electron beam additive-manufacted Ti – 6Al – 4V. Metals. 2021;11:111742. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11111742Zhang Y., Wang X.-K., Jia Y.-F., Dong B., Wang Z.-M., Yan J.-J., Zhang X.-C., Tu S.-T. Fatigue Life Prediction and Feature Contribution Analysis of Surface-Strengthened Ti – 6Al – 4V Using a Preprocessing Neural Network. International Journal of Fatigue. 2025;56:4991–5005. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-025-07952-9Biswas S., Alavi S.H., Sedai B., Blum F.D., Harimkar S.P. Effect of ultrasonic vibration-assisted laser surface melting and texturing of Ti – 6Al – 4V ELI alloy on surface properties. Journal of Materials Science & Technology. 2019;35:295–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2018.09.057Panin A., Martynov S., Kazachenok M., Ka-zantseva L., Bakulin A., Kulkova S., Perevalova O., Sklyarova E. Effects of water cooling on the microstructure of electron beam additive-manufacted Ti – 6Al – 4V. Metals. 2021;11:111742. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11111742Suminov I.V., Khilfi Diaa Kh.Ch. Additive technologies in modern industry: application and prospects on the example of titanium alloys. Kuznechno-shtampovochnoe proizvodstvo. obrabotka materialov davleniem. 2024;3:36–43. (In Russ.).Biswas S., Alavi S.H., Sedai B., Blum F.D., Harimkar S.P. Effect of ultrasonic vibration-assisted laser surface melting and texturing of Ti – 6Al – 4V ELI alloy on surface properties. Journal of Materials Science & Technology. 2019;35:295–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2018.09.057Kandi R., Sahoo S.K., Sahoo A.K. Ultrasonic vibration-assisted turning of Titanium alloy Ti – 6Al – 4V: numerical and experimental investigations. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering. 2020;42:399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-020-02481-5Суминов И.В., Хилфи Диаа Х.Ч. Аддитивные технологии в современной промышленности: применение и перспективы на примере титановых сплавов. Кузнечно-штамповочное производство. обработка материалов давлением. 2024;3:36–43.Zykova A.P., Nikolaeva A.V., Vorontsov A.V., Chumaevskii A.V., Nikonov S.Y., Moskvichev E.N., Gurianov D.A., Savchenko N.L., Kolubaev E.A., Tarasov S.Y. Effect of Copper Content on Grain Structure Evolution in Additively Manufactured Ti – 6Al – 4V Alloy. Physical Mesomechanics. 2023;26:107–125.Kandi R., Sahoo S.K., Sahoo A.K. Ultrasonic vibration-assisted turning of Titanium alloy Ti – 6Al – 4V: numerical and experimental investigations. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering. 2020;42:399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-020-02481-5https://doi.org/10.1134/S1029959923020017Zykova A.P., Nikolaeva A.V., Vorontsov A.V., Chumaevskii A.V., Nikonov S.Y., Moskvichev E.N., Gurianov D.A., Savchenko N.L., Kolubaev E.A., Tarasov S.Y. Effect of Copper Content on Grain Structure Evolution in Additively Manufactured Ti – 6Al – 4V Alloy. Physical Mesomechanics. 2023;26:107–125. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1029959923020017Wang Y., Shi Y., Yang K., Wang H. Microstructure and mechanical properties of wire + arc additively manufactured Ti – 6Al – 4V with interlayer rolling. Journal of Materials Science & Technology. 2020;51:47–56.Wang Y., Shi Y., Yang K., Wang H. Microstructure and mechanical properties of wire + arc additively manufactured Ti – 6Al – 4V with interlayer rolling. Journal of Materials Science & Technology. 2020;51:47–56.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-011-3299-1https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-011-3299-1Panin A.V., Kazachenok M.S., Dmitriev A.I., Nikonov A.Yu., Perevalova O.B., Kazantseva L.A., Sinyakova E.A., Martynov S.A. The effect of ultrasonic impact treatment on deformation and fracture of electron beam additive manufactured Ti – 6Al – 4V under uniaxial tension. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2022;832:142458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.142458Panin A.V., Kazachenok M.S., Dmitriev A.I., Nikonov A.Yu., Perevalova O.B., Kazantseva L.A., Sinyakova E.A., Martynov S.A. The effect of ultrasonic impact treatment on deformation and fracture of electron beam additive manufactured Ti – 6Al – 4V under uniaxial tension. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2022;832:142458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.142458Popov Jr.V., Katz-Demyanetz A., Kovalevsky A., Biletskiy R., Strokin E., Garkun A. Effect of the hatching strategies on mechanical properties and microstructure of sebm manufactured Ti ‒ 6Al ‒ 4V specimens. Letters on materials. 2018;8:468–472. https://doi.org/10.22226/2410-3535-2018-4-468-472Popov Jr.V., Katz-Demyanetz A., Kovalevsky A., Biletskiy R., Strokin E., Garkun A., Effect of the hatching strategies on mechanical properties and microstructure of sebm manufactured Ti ‒ 6Al ‒ 4V specimens. Letters on materials. 2018;8:468–472. https://doi.org/10.22226/2410-3535-2018-4-468-472Kartavykh A.V., Asnis E.A., Piskun N.V., Statkevich I.I., Gorshenkov M.V., Tcherdyntsev V.V. anthanum Hexaboride as Advanced Structural Refiner/Getter in TiAl-Based Refractory Intermetallics. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2014;588:122–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.11.017Kartavykh A.V., Asnis E.A., Piskun N.V., Statkevich I.I., Gorshenkov M.V., Tcherdyntsev V.V. anthanum Hexaboride as Advanced Structural Refiner/Getter in TiAl-Based Refractory Intermetallics. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2014;588:122–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.11.017Biswas S., Alavi S.H., Sedai B., Blum F.D., Harimkar S.P. Ultrasonic vibration assisted laser metal deposition of Ti – 6Al – 4V: heat transfer and microstructure formation. Journal of Materials Science & Technology. 2019;35:295–302. https://doi.org/1016/j.jmst.2018.09.057Biswas S., Alavi S.H., Sedai B., Blum F.D., Harimkar S.P. Ultrasonic vibration assisted laser metal deposition of Ti – 6Al – 4V: heat transfer and microstructure formation. Journal of Materials Science & Technology. 2019;35:295–302. https://doi.org/1016/j.jmst.2018.09.057Ding D., Pan Z., Cuiuri D., Li H., van Duin S., Larkin N. Bead modelling and implementation of adaptive MAT path in wire and arc additive manufacturing. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing. 2016;39:32–42.Ding D., Pan Z., Cuiuri D., Li H., van Duin S., Larkin N. Bead modelling and implementation of adaptive MAT path in wire and arc additive manufacturing. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing. 2016;39:32–42.https://doi.org/1016/j.rcim.2015.12.004https://doi.org/1016/j.rcim.2015.12.004Wang F., Williams S., Colegrove P., Antonysa-my A.A. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Wire and Arc Additive Manufactured Ti – 6Al – 4V. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2013;44:968–977.Wang F., Williams S., Colegrove P., Antonysa-my A.A. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Wire and Arc Additive Manufactured Ti – 6Al – 4V. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2013;44:968–977.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-012-1444-6https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-012-1444-6Kabir S., Ansary S.R., Kaushik H.C., Zhao B., Kono D., Cong W. Ultrasonic vibration-assisted laser directed energy deposition: effects on material movement in vertical and horizontal direction. Progress in Additive Manufacturing. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40964-025-01487-6Kabir S., Ansary S.R., Kaushik H.C., Zhao B., Kono D., Cong W. Ultrasonic vibration-assisted laser directed energy deposition: effects on material movement in vertical and horizontal direction. Progress in Additive Manufacturing. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40964-025-01487-6Gu D., Wang H., Dai D., Chang F., Meiners W., Hagedorn Y.-C., Wissenbach K., Kelbassa I., Poprawe R. Densification behavior, microstructure evolution, and wear property of TiC nanoparticle reinforced AlSi10Mg bulk-form nano-composites prepared by selective laser melting. Journal of Laser Applications. 2015;27:17003. https://doi.org/10.2351/1.4870877Gu D., Wang H., Dai D., Chang F., Meiners W., Hagedorn Y.-C., Wissenbach K., Kelbassa I., Poprawe R. Densification behavior, microstructure evolution, and wear property of TiC nanoparticle reinforced AlSi10Mg bulk-form nano-composites prepared by selective laser melting. Journal of Laser Applications. 2015;27:17003. https://doi.org/10.2351/1.4870877Peng F.C., Guo C., Fengchun J., Yuan D., Yin H., Sun Q., Zhang H., Dong T., Guo D., Konovalov S. Microstructure evolution and me-chanical properties of wire-arc additively manufac-tured Ti – 6Al – 4V under different heat inputs. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2025;925:147934.Peng F.C., Guo C., Fengchun J., Yuan D., Yin H., Sun Q., Zhang H., Dong T., Guo D., Konovalov S. Microstructure evolution and me-chanical properties of wire-arc additively manufac-tured Ti – 6Al – 4V under different heat inputs. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2025;925:147934.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2025.147934https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2025.147934Deschamps A., Marioara C.D., Clouet E., Marquis E.A., Dorin B., Hutchinson C.R. Precipitation kinetics in metallic alloys: Experiments and modelling. Progress in Materials Science. 2021;122:100820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2021.100820Deschamps A., Marioara C.D., Clouet E., Marquis E.A., Dorin B., Hutchinson C.R. Precipitation kinetics in metallic alloys: Experiments and modelling. Progress in Materials Science. 2021;122:100820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2021.100820Mohammadhosseini A., Fraser D., Masood S.H., Jahedi M. Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti – 6Al – 4V manufactured by electron beam melting process. Materials Research Innovations. 2019;17:106–112.Mohammadhosseini A., Fraser D., Masood S.H., Jahedi M. Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti – 6Al – 4V manufactured by electron beam melting process. Materials Research Innovations. 2019;17:106–112.https://doi.org/10.1179/1432891713Z.000000000302https://doi.org/10.1179/1432891713Z.000000000302Chen C., Fan C., Cai X., Lin S., Yang C. Ultrasonic irradiation induced the microstructure refinement and textureevolution of Ti – 6Al – 4V TIG weld seam. Science and technology of welding and joining. 2018.Chen C., Fan C., Cai X., Lin S., Yang C. Ultrasonic irradiation induced the microstructure refinement and textureevolution of Ti – 6Al – 4V TIG weld seam. Science and technology of welding and joining. 2018.https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2019.1604476https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2019.1604476Gu D., Meiners W., Wissenbach K., Poprawe R. Laser additive manufacturing of metallic components: materials, processes and mechanisms. International Materials Reviews. 2012;57:133–164. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743280411Y.0000000014Gu D., Meiners W., Wissenbach K., Poprawe R. Laser additive manufacturing of metallic components: materials, processes and mechanisms. International Materials Reviews. 2012;57:133–164. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743280411Y.0000000014Gu D., Hagedorn Y.-C., Meiners W., Meng G., Batista A.C., Wissenbach K., Poprawe R. Nanocrystalline TiC reinforced Ti matrix bulk-form nanocomposites by Selective Laser Melting (SLM): Densification, growth mechanism and wear behavior. Composites Science and Technology. 2011;71:1612–1620.Gu D., Hagedorn Y.-C., Meiners W., Meng G., Batista A.C., Wissenbach K., Poprawe R. Nanocrystalline TiC reinforced Ti matrix bulk-form nanocomposites by Selective Laser Melting (SLM): Densification, growth mechanism and wear behavior. Composites Science and Technology. 2011;71:1612–1620.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2011.07.010https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2011.07.010Yuan D., Shao S., Guo C., Jiang F., Wang J. Grain refining of Ti – 6Al – 4V alloy fabricated by laser and wire additive manufacturing assisted with ultrasonic vibration. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry. 2021;73:105472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105472Yuan D., Shao S., Guo C., Jiang F., Wang J. Grain refining of Ti – 6Al – 4V alloy fabricated by laser and wire additive manufacturing assisted with ultrasonic vibration. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry. 2021;73:105472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105472Kolubaev E.A., Rubtsov V.E., Chumaevsky A.V., Astafurova E.G. Micro-, meso- and macrostructural design of bulk metallic and polymetallic materials by wire-feed electron-beam additive manufacturing. Physical mesomechanics. 2022;25:479–491. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1029959922060017Kolubaev E.A., Rubtsov V.E., Chumaevsky A.V., Astafurova E.G. Micro-, meso- and macrostructural design of bulk metallic and polymetallic materials by wire-feed electron-beam additive manufacturing. Physical mesomechanics. 2022;25:479–491. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1029959922060017Kolubaev E.A., Rubtsov V.E., Chumaevsky A.V., Astafurova E.G. Micro-, meso- and macrostructural design of bulk metallic and polymetallic materials by wire-feed electron-beam additive manufacturing. Physical mesomechanics. 2022;25:479–491. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1029959922060017

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.