<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vsgiu</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Сибирского государственного индустриального университета</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Bulletin of the Siberian State Industrial University</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2304 - 4497</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2307-1710</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Сибирский государственный индустриальный университет"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.57070/2304-4497-2025-4(54)-83-90</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vsgiu-863</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Раздел 2. Металлургия и материаловедение</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Section 2. Metallurgy and Materials Science</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ КВАРЦИТОВЫХ ОГНЕУПОРНЫХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ В ФУТЕРОВКЕ РАЗЛИВОЧНЫХ КОВШЕЙ ПРИ ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕ ФЕРРОСИЛИЦИЯ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>THE USE OF QUARTZITE REFRACTORY MATERIALS IN THE LINING OF CASTING LADLES IN THE PRODUCTION OF FERROSILICON</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коренная</surname><given-names>Кристина Александровна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Korennaya</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.т.н., управляющий директор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Managing Director</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Reception.GD@kfw.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Запольский</surname><given-names>Андрей Сергеевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zapol'skii</surname><given-names>Andrei Sergeevich</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>заместитель начальника службы охраны труда и промышленной безопасности</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Deputy Head of the Occupational Safety and Industrial Safety Service</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ZapolskiyAS@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пронякин</surname><given-names>Александр Юрьевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pronyakin</surname><given-names>Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.т.н., начальник технического управления</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Head of Technical Department</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">PronyakinAU@kfw.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7985-5666</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Темлянцев</surname><given-names>Михаил Викторович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Temlyantsev</surname><given-names>Mikhail V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.т.н., профессор, проректор по реализации стратегического проекта</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Prof., Vice-Rector for Strategic Project Implementation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">uchebn_otdel@sibsiu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8098-5895</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Запольская</surname><given-names>Екатерина Михайловна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zapolskaya</surname><given-names>Ekaterina M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.т.н., с.н.с. лаборатории электронной микроскопии и обработки изображений</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Eng.), senior researcher Laboratory of Electron Microscopy and Image Processing</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">beloglazova-ekat@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кувшинникова</surname><given-names>Наталья Игоревна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuvshinnikova</surname><given-names>Natalia I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ведущий инженер</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Senior Engineer</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vestnicsibgiu@sibsiu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>АО «Кузнецкие ферросплавы»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>JSC Kuznetsk Ferroalloys</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Сибирский государственный индустриальный университет</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Siberian State Industrial University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>83</fpage><lpage>90</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Коренная К., Запольский А., Пронякин А., Темлянцев М., Запольская Е., Кувшинникова Н., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Коренная К., Запольский А., Пронякин А., Темлянцев М., Запольская Е., Кувшинникова Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Korennaya A., Zapol'skii A., Pronyakin Y., Temlyantsev M., Zapolskaya E., Kuvshinnikova N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnik.sibsiu.ru/jour/article/view/863">https://vestnik.sibsiu.ru/jour/article/view/863</self-uri><abstract><p>Рассмотрен вопрос разработки новых огнеупоров для футеровки ковшей ферросплавного производства. Представлен опыт применения огнеупорных кварцитовых кирпичей в качестве футеровки разливочных ковшей при производстве ферросилиция. Исследование направлено на повышение стойкости футеровки, увеличение межремонтных интервалов и снижение эксплуатационных затрат. Получено, что основной причиной разрушения рабочего слоя огнеупорной футеровки разливочного ковша является значительный перепад температур по толщине футеровки (до 1000 °C и более), возникающий в относительно короткий промежуток времени (термический удар). Основным разрушающим фактором являются термические напряжения в огнеупорной футеровке, возникающие при приеме расплава. Проведены эксперименты на АО «Кузнецкие ферросплавы», в ходе которых кварцитовые кирпичи, изготовленные по безобжиговой технологии с использованием жидкого стекла, были установлены в зоне наибольшего износа футеровки ковша. Кварцитовая футеровка выдержала       23 налива ферросилиция марки ФС75, что превышает стандартные показатели шамотного кирпича        (10 – 15 наливов). Проведенные исследования выявили лучшую устойчивость кварцитового материала к термическим напряжениям и химическому воздействию расплава. Минералогические исследования подтвердили формирование устойчивых фаз (кристобалит, тридимит) в рабочей зоне, что способствует повышению долговечности футеровки. В огнеупоре присутствует наименее измененная брекчиевидная зона, переходная зона, кристобалит-тридимитовая, шлаковидная (внутренняя рабочая) зоны, кристобалитовая (внешняя рабочая) зона огнеупоров. Использование кварцитовых огнеупоров возможно для увеличения срока службы разливочных ковшей, снижения количества отходов и улучшения экономических и экологических показателей производства.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The issue of developing new refractories for lining ferroalloy buckets is considered. The experience of using refractory quartzite bricks as a lining for casting ladles in the production of ferrosilicon is presented. The research is aimed at increasing the durability of the lining, increasing repair intervals and reducing operating costs. It was found that the main reason for the destruction of the working layer of the refractory lining of the filling bucket is a significant temperature difference in the thickness of the lining (up to 1000 °C or more), which occurs in a relatively short period of time (thermal shock). The main destructive factor is the thermal stresses in the refractory lining that occur when the melt is ingested. Experiments were conducted at JSC Kuznetsk Ferrosplanes, during which quartzite bricks made using non-annealing technology using liquid glass were installed in the zone of greatest wear of the bucket lining. The quartzite lining has withstood 23 pours of ferrosilicon grade FS75, which exceeds the standard values of fireclay bricks (10-15 pours). The conducted studies revealed the best resistance of the quartzite material to thermal stresses and chemical effects of the melt. Mineralogical studies have confirmed the formation of stable phases (cristobalite, tridymite) in the working area, which helps to increase the durability of the lining. The refractory contains the least modified breccia-like zone, a transition zone, a cristobalite-tridymite, slag-like (inner working) zone, and a cristobalite (outer working) zone of refractories. The use of quartzite refractories is possible to extend the service life of filling buckets, reduce waste and improve the economic and environmental performance of production.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>производство ферросилиция</kwd><kwd>разливочный ковш</kwd><kwd>огнеупорная футеровка</kwd><kwd>стойкость футеровки</kwd><kwd>кварцитовый кирпич</kwd><kwd>минералогическое исследование</kwd><kwd>кристобалит</kwd><kwd>тридимит</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>ferrosilicon production</kwd><kwd>casting ladle</kwd><kwd>refractory lining</kwd><kwd>lining durability</kwd><kwd>quartzite brick</kwd><kwd>mineralogical research</kwd><kwd>cristobalite</kwd><kwd>tridymite</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Стариков В.С., Темлянцев М.В., Стариков В.В. Огнеупоры и футеровки в ковшевой металлургии. Москва: МИСИС, 2003:328.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Starikov V.S., Temlyantsev M.V., Starikov V.V. Refractories and fittings in bucket metallurgy. Moscow: MISIS, 2003:328. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кащеев И.Д., Стрелов К.К., Мамыкин П.С. Химическая технология огнеупоров. Москва: Интермет Инжиниринг, 2007:752.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kashcheev I.D., Strelov K.K., Mamykin P.S. Chemical technology of refractories. Moscow: Intermet Inzhiniring, 2007:752. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алленштейн Й. Огнеупорные материалы. Структура, свойства, испытания / под ред. Г. Роучка, Х. Вутнау. Москва: Интермет Инжиниринг, 2010:392.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Allenshtein I. Refractory materials. Structure, properties, and tests / G. Rouchka, K.H. Vutnau. ed. Moscow: Intermet Inzhiniring, 2010:392. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Запольский А.С., Темлянцев М.В. Способы повышения стойкости футеровок разливочных ковшей ферросплавного производства. Вестник Сибирского государственного индустриального университета. 2024;4(50):83–91.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zapol'skii A.S., Temlyantsev M.V. Ways to increase the durability of ferro-alloy casting             ladles. Bulletin of the Siberian State Industrial University. 2024;4(50):83–91. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пронякин А.Ю. Применение кварцита Ан-тоновского месторождения в качестве за-полнителя при производстве огнеупорных бетонных изделий. Огнеупоры и техническая керамика. 2003;2:35–38.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pronyakin A.YU. The use of quartzite from the Antonov deposit as a filler in the production of refractory concrete products. Ogneupory i tekhnicheskaya keramika. 2003;2:35–38. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Запольская Е.М., Темлянцев М.В., Костю-ченко К.Е. Анализ основных направлений повышения энерготехнологической эффективности стендов высокотемпературного разогрева футеровок сталеразливочных ковшей. Вестник Российской академии есте-ственных наук. Западно-Сибирское отделение. 2013;15:128‒134.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zapol'skaya E.M., Temlyantsev M.V., Kostyuchen-ko K.E. Analiz osnovnykh napravlenii pov-ysheniya energotekhnologicheskoi effektivnosti stendov vysokotemperaturnogo razogreva futerovok stalerazlivochnykh kovshei. Vestnik Ros-siiskoi akademii estestvennykh nauk. Zapadno-Sibirskoe otdelenie. 2013;15:128‒134. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Michael Hampel. Beitrag zur Eigenschaftsbewertung von feuerfesten Magnesiakohlenstofferzeugnissen: Dissertation. Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg. Freiberg. 2010:226.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Michael Hampel. Beitrag zur Eigenschaftsbewertung von feuerfesten Magnesiakohlenstofferzeugnissen: Dissertation. Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg. Freiberg. 2010:226.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andreev K., Luchini B., Rodrigues M.J., Alves J.L. Role of fatigue in damage development of refractories under thermal shock loads of different intensity. Ceram. INT. 2020;(46):20707–20716. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CERAMINT.2020.04.235</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andreev K., Luchini B., Rodrigues M.J., Alves J.L. Role of fatigue in damage development of refractories under thermal shock loads of different intensity. Ceram. INT. 2020;(46):20707–20716. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CERAMINT.2020.04.235</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prikhod’ko E.V. Аnalysis of methods for heating the lining of high-temperature units. Refractories and industrial ceramics. 2021;62(4):463–466. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11148-021-00625-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prikhod’ko E.V. Аnalysis of methods for heating the lining of high-temperature units. Refractories and industrial ceramics. 2021;62(4):463–466. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11148-021-00625-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scheunis L., Fallah-Mehrjardi A., Campforts M., Jones P.T., Blanpain B., Malfliet A., Jak E. The effect of a temperature gradient on the phase formation inside a magnesia–chromite refractory in contact with a non-ferrous PbO – SiO2 – MgO slag. Journal of the european ceramic society. 2015;35(10):2933–2942.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scheunis L., Fallah-Mehrjardi A., Campforts M., Jones P.T., Blanpain B., Malfliet A., Jak E. The effect of a temperature gradient on the phase formation inside a magnesia–chromite refractory in contact with a non-ferrous PbO – SiO2 – MgO slag. Journal of the european ceramic society. 2015;35(10):2933–2942.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yuxiang Dai, Jing Li, Wei Yan, Chengbin Shi. Corrosion mechanism and protection of BOF refractory for high silicon hot metal steelmaking process. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2020;9(3):4292–4308.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yuxiang Dai, Jing Li, Wei Yan, Chengbin Shi. Corrosion mechanism and protection of BOF refractory for high silicon hot metal steelmaking process. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2020;9(3):4292–4308.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.02.055</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.02.055</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zabolotskiy A.V., Turchin M.Y., Khadyev V.T., Migashkin A.O. Numerical investigation of refractory stress-strain condition under transient thermal load. AIP Conference Proceedings. 2020;2310:020355.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zabolotskiy A.V., Turchin M.Y., Khadyev V.T., Migashkin A.O. Numerical investigation of refractory stress-strain condition under transient thermal load. AIP Conference Proceedings. 2020;2310:020355.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Запольский А.С. Способы повышения стойкости футеровок разливочных ковшей в условиях действующего производства АО «Кузнецкие ферросплавы». В кн.: XIII Инновационный конвент "Кузбасс: образование, наука, инновации", посвященный 80-й годовщине победы в Великой Отечественной войне 1941 ‒ 1945 годов. Сборник тезисов докладов. Кемерово, 2025:206‒210.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zapol'skii A.S. Methods of increasing the durability of lining ladles in the conditions of the current production of JSC Kuznetsk Ferroalloys. In: XIII International Congress "Kuzbass: Education, Science, Innovation", dedicated to the 80th anniversary of victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941 ‒ 1945. Collection of abstracts. Kemerovo, 2025:206‒210. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Черепанов К.А., Абрамович С.М., Темлянцев М.В., Темлянцева Е.Н. Рециклинг твердых отходов в металлургии. Москва: Флинта: Наука, 2004:212.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cherepanov K.A., Abramovich S.M., Tem-lyantsev M.V., Temlyantseva E.N. Solid waste recycling in metallurgy. Moscow: Flinta: Nauka, 2004:212. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ГОСТ 8691 ‒ 2018 «Изделия огнеупорные общего назначения. Форма и размеры». URL: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/1200160577 (дата обращения: 02.09.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">GOST 8691‒2018 "General purpose refractory products. Shape and dimensions". URL: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/1200160577 (Accessed: 02.09.2025). (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andreev K.P., Luchini B., Rodrigues M.J., Alves J.L. Role of fatigue in damage development of refractories under thermal shock loads of different intensity. Ceramics International. 2020;46(13):20707‒20716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.04.235</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andreev K.P., Luchini B., Rodrigues M.J., Alves J.L. Role of fatigue in damage development of refractories under thermal shock loads of different intensity. Ceramics International. 2020;46(13):20707‒20716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.04.235</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andreev K.P., Yin Y., Luchini B., Sabirov I. Failure of refractory masonry material under monotonic and cyclic loading – Crack propagation analysis. Construction and Building Materials. 2021;299:124‒203.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andreev K.P., Yin Y., Luchini B., Sabirov I. Failure of refractory masonry material under monotonic and cyclic loading – Crack propagation analysis. Construction and Building Materials. 2021;299:124‒203.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124203</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124203</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cherepanov G.P. The mechanics and physics of fracturing: application to thermal aspects of crack propagation and to fracking. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cherepanov G.P. The mechanics and physics of fracturing: application to thermal aspects of crack propagation and to fracking. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. 2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">http://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0119S</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">http://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0119S</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harmuth H., Bradt R.C. Investigation of refractory brittleness by fracture mechanical and fractographic methods. Interceram Int. Ceram. Rev. 2010;1:6–10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harmuth H., Bradt R.C. Investigation of refractory brittleness by fracture mechanical and fractographic methods. Interceram Int. Ceram. Rev. 2010;1:6–10.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harmuth H. Characterisation of the Fracture Path in ‘Flexible’ Refractories. Adv. Sci. Technol. 2010;70:30–36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harmuth H. Characterisation of the Fracture Path in ‘Flexible’ Refractories. Adv. Sci. Technol. 2010;70:30–36.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
